Notes

n.1See Dharmachakra Translation Committee, trans., The Questions of the Nāga King Sāgara (1) (Toh 153), 84000: Translating the Words of the Buddha, 2021.

n.2See Dharmachakra Translation Committee, trans., The Questions of the Nāga King Sāgara (2) (Toh 154), 84000: Translating the Words of the Buddha, 2020.

n.3They correspond respectively to the Chinese translations Taishō 598, 601, and 599.

n.4See Dharmachakra Translation Committee, trans., The Questions of the Nāga King Anavatapta (Toh 156), 84000: Translating the Words of the Buddha, 2024.

n.5For a modern presentation in English, see Khyentse 2007.

n.6Stanley 2009, pp. 149–54.

n.7Sanskrit in Lévi 1907, 1911, tome I, p. 149. For an English translation, see Jamspal et al. 2004 (the commentary is to verse XVIII.81 in that translation). Note that saṃskāra / ’du byed in these contexts and in the four seals is not being used to mean “formative factors” or “karmic conditioning,” but seems to be used in the same sense as saṃskṛta / ’dus byas, i.e., “compounded phenomena.” Edgerton had noticed this usage of saṃskāra. See Edgerton 1985, s.v. saṃskāra, saṃskṛta. Cf. also Jamspal et al. 2004, who translate the term as “creations.”

n.8Sanskrit in Dutt 1978 and Wogihara 1978. For a recent English translation, see Engle 2016, pp. 454–63.

n.9Note that the Pāli Dhammapada includes the first three concepts in verses 277, 278, and 279: sabbe saṅkhārā aniccā’ ti...sabbe saṅkhārādukkhā’ ti...sabbe saṅkhārā anattā’ ti....

n.10The Chinese version was translated during the Tang dynasty by Yijing (635–713; his name is also variously transliterated as I-Tsing, I-Ching, and Yi-Tzing). An English translation of the Chinese version by an unattributed translator is posted on the internet by Fodian (see bibliography).

n.11On Yijing, see Keown 2004.

n.12The Western Xia (Xixia), or Tangut Empire (1038–1227), was a Buddhist empire located in what are now the Chinese provinces of Ningxia, Gansu, Eastern Qinghai, and Northern Shaanxi, as well as parts of Xinjiang and Inner Mongolia. It was known as Minyak (mi nyag) in Tibetan. The Tanguts adopted Buddhism from both Chinese and Tibetan sources. The language, which has its own very elaborate script, has been partially deciphered by modern scholarship.

n.13Grinstead 1967.

n.14Nie 2007.

n.15Lhakdor 2010.

n.16Skilling 2021, pp. 235–46.

n.17DNK: zhi ba (“peace/peaceful”) C: zhes bya (“known as”).