The Translation

[F.276.a]

1.1Homage to the Buddha!

Thus did I hear at one time. The Bhagavat was dwelling on the Vulture Peak Mountain in Rājgir, on a summit of infinite gems, in the Womb of Dharmadhātu Palace, together with a great assembly of twenty-five thousand monks. All of them were arhats who had exhausted their outflows. They were without afflictions and controlled. Their minds were perfectly liberated, and their wisdom was perfectly free. They were knowledgeable great elephants who had accomplished what needed to be done. They had laid down their burden and fulfilled their own benefit. They had destroyed the bonds of existence and, thanks to their correct knowledge, their minds were perfectly liberated. They had obtained supreme perfection in mastering all mental states. The sixty-eight great hearers, headed by Ājñāta­kauṇḍinya, were also there. [4]

1.2Moreover, present with the Bhagavat were seventy-two quintillion bodhisattvas, such as the youthful Mañjuśrī, Dhanaśrī, Buddhiśrī, Bhaiṣajyarāja, and Bhaiṣajya­samudgata. All of them were turning the Dharma wheel that does not turn back. They were skilled in inquiring about the vaipulya sūtras of the Heap of Jewels and had obtained the level called Cloud of Dharma. In terms of wisdom, they were like Sumeru, and all of them had thoroughly cultivated the dharmas of emptiness, no sign, no wish, no arising, no birth, and no existence. The greatly profound Dharma appeared to them [F.276.b], and they had the postures of the tathāgatas. In other world spheres, they had been sent out by quintillions of tathāgatas. All of them were fully clairvoyant and well settled in the essential nature of all dharmas. [6]

1.3At that time, the Bhagavat thought, “To generate great swiftness, strength, impetus, and stamina in the bodhisattva great beings, I shall give a Dharma discourse. From as many world spheres as there are grains of sand in the river Ganges, I shall cause splendorous bodhisattva great beings to assemble. Hence, I will display a sign to show that there is to be a great teaching of the Dharma. I shall cause a great light, so that bodhisattva great beings shall come to me and ask for a great Dharma teaching.”

1.4With that thought, the Bhagavat illuminated the ten directions with great clouds of light rays that shone in as many worlds as there are atoms of dust in the great trichiliocosm‍—an uncountable and inconceivable number. At that very time, as many bodhisattva great beings as there are atoms of dust in ten ineffable quintillion buddhafields approached him from all the ten directions; each and every bodhisattva great being arrived with exceptional feats beyond imagination. They first performed a fitting, inconceivable worship of the Bhagavat, and then sat down in front of him on lotus seats that appeared through the force of their aspirations. They stayed still, looking at the Bhagavat without blinking. [8]

1.5A lion throne within a great, jeweled lotus then appeared at the center of the Womb of Dharmadhātu Palace. It was an uncountable number of leagues in width, and of unprecedented height. [F.277.a] It was made of gems and jewels sparkling in every way, with lightning for lamps, and a surrounding railing made of gems and jewels. Its staffs were of gems and jewels of inconceivable brilliance, and incomparable gems and jewels enclosed it. Jewel garlands splendid beyond comparison beautified the throne, studded with many types of precious gems. It was hung about with raised parasols, standards, and flags.

From above the lion throne within the great lotus of gems and jewels, ten innumerable quintillions of light rays now issued forth in all directions and illumined the very many world spheres in the ten directions by their great brightness.

1.6And at that very time, from each and every one of the ten directions, gods, nāgas, yakṣas, gandharvas, demigods, garuḍa, kinnaras, great serpents, śakras, brahmās, and world protectors arrived, as many as there are atoms of dust in the ineffable quintillion buddhafields.

Some of them arrived together with a quintillion apsarases, uncountable and beyond conception, singing and playing musical instruments while they sat in jeweled palaces. Some arrived with palaces that were made of flowers, others with palaces were made of heaps of uragasāra sandalwood. Some palaces were made of pearls, others of diamonds, and others still of gems and jewels that shone like diamonds. [10]

Some were made of gold from the river Jāmbū, and others were built with gems that shone in all colors. Some were made of the vaśirāja gem and others of wish-fulfilling jewels. Still other palaces [F.277.b] were made of those gems worn by Śakra.

Yet others arrived with uncountable, inconceivable quadrillions of apsarases, singing and playing musical instruments while they sat in palaces of great jewels, gems beaming uninterruptedly from the array of pure, ocean-ground jewels.

As they arrived, they first worshipped the Bhagavat in an inconceivable, matchless, immeasurable, and limitless manner. Then they arranged themselves on one side, on seats that manifested through their own aspirations. After having seated themselves, they stayed still, looking at the Bhagavat without blinking.

1.7At that very moment this world sphere, a great trichiliocosm, turned into Jāmbū River gold. It was adorned with trees of many great gems and jewels, divine flowering trees, trees of fine fabrics, and trees of uragasāra sandalwood perfume. It was covered with a net of precious moon gems, sun gems, and vidyutpradīpa gems. Parasols, standards, and flags were hoisted.

Innumerable quintillions of apsarases with half their bodies in sight thronged all trees, which were enveloped by strings of pearls and garlands of great precious jewels. [12]

1.8At that time these verses rang out from the lion throne with its great, jeweled lotus inside:

1.13At this the Bhagavat arose from his previous seat and sat down on the lion throne with its great jewel lotus inside. He sat with his legs crossed and observed the entire gathering of bodhisattvas. Then, to those bodhisattva great beings, he signaled that he was about to deliver a distinguished Dharma teaching.

At that very time, the entire assembly of bodhisattvas had the thought, “The youthful Mañjuśrī should now inquire of the tathāgata, the arhat, the perfect and complete Buddha, about nonarising and noncessation. We have not heard that Dharma teaching for a long time.”

1.14The youthful Mañjuśrī had understood the Bhagavat’s signal, and he also knew what the bodhisattva great beings were thinking. So he arose and adjusted his upper robe so that one shoulder was uncovered. He then knelt in front of the Bhagavat with his right knee placed in the center of a lotus.

With joined palms he then addressed this question to the Bhagavat: “Bhagavat, ‘nonarising’ and ‘noncessation’ have been spoken of. Bhagavat, to what dharma do the terms ‘nonarising’ and ‘noncessation’ refer?” [18] [F.278.b]

1.15He also expressed his question in verse:

1.18In reply, the Bhagavat said to the youthful Mañjuśrī:

“Good, Mañjuśrī, good! Mañjuśrī, it is good that you think to ask the Tathāgata about this matter. You are striving for the benefit of many people, for the happiness of many people, and with compassion for the world. You are doing so for the goodness, benefit, and happiness of a great group of beings, both gods and men. You are also acting so that the bodhisattva great beings who have come here may obtain the level of a buddha. Mañjuśrī, you should apply yourself to this point without alarm, without fear, and without hesitation. And, Mañjuśrī, you must rely on awareness. Mañjuśrī, when the Tathāgata teaches about ‘nonarising and noncessation,’ this expression actually refers to the Tathāgata.

1.19“It is as follows. Mañjuśrī, imagine that this wide earth were made entirely of beryl, so that in that beryl one could see reflections of the abode of the Thirty-Three; of Śakra, lord of the gods; and of his Palace of Victory. [F.279.a] And imagine that Śakra, lord of the gods, could be seen there, playing and enjoying himself with the five divine objects of pleasure. [22]

1.20“At that time, the gods might call out to all the men, women, boys, and girls of Jambūdvīpa, ‘Come here, men and women! Look at Śakra, lord of the gods, as he is playing, enjoying, and amusing himself with the five divine objects of pleasure in his Palace of Victory. Come, all men and women, offer gifts and make merits. Take up discipline and abide by it. Then you shall also get to play, enjoy, and amuse yourself in such Palaces of Victory. You will become like Śakra himself and will come to possess wealth like his. The lord of the gods, Śakra, has all divine enjoyments, and so shall you.’

1.21“Then, Mañjuśrī, all those men, women, girls, and boys, who could see the abode of the Thirty-Three along with Śakra, lord of the gods, and his Palace of Victory reflected in the wide earth of beryl, would fold their hands toward this reflection. They would scatter flowers and offer perfumes toward it, saying, ‘May we also obtain such a body as that of Śakra, lord of the gods; may we also play, enjoy, and amuse ourselves in the Palace of Victory, just like Śakra, lord of the gods.’ [24]

1.22“However, those beings would not understand that this would merely be a reflection in the wide earth of beryl, a reflection occurring due to the complete purity of the beryl, wherein the abode of the Thirty-Three, along with Śakra, lord of the gods, and his Palace of Victory, could be seen. [F.279.b] Wishing for the state of Śakra, they would then offer gifts and make merits. They would take up discipline and abide by that. They would then dedicate the roots of what is wholesome toward birth in that reflection of the abode of the Thirty-Three.

“Mañjuśrī, in that wide earth of beryl there would, of course, be no abode of the Thirty-Three, and neither would there be a Palace of Victory, or Śakra, lord of the gods. However, due to the purity of the great beryl, the abode of the Thirty-Three along with the Palace of Victory and Śakra, lord of the gods would all be visible. Nonexistent, nonarisen, and nonceased, their reflections would be seen because of the purity of the great beryl. [26]

1.23“In the same way, Mañjuśrī, it is due to the complete purity of the mind, as well as due to proper cultivation, that sentient beings see the body of a tathāgata. Mañjuśrī, it is due to the power of the Tathāgata that sentient beings see him. And still he remains nonexistent, nonarisen, and nonceased. He is neither existence nor nonexistence, neither visible nor invisible, neither worldly nor unworldly, neither an object of thinking nor not an object of thinking, neither existent nor nonexistent.

“It is so, Mañjuśrī, that sentient beings focus on the reflection of the Tathāgata and offer it flowers, perfumes, garments, and jewels while making this aspiration: ‘May we also become like the tathāgata, the arhat, the perfect and complete Buddha.’ Wishing for a buddha’s awareness, [F.280.a] they offer gifts and make merit. They take up discipline and abide by it. Then they dedicate that root of what is wholesome toward obtaining a tathāgata’s awareness. [28]

1.24“It is as follows: Mañjuśrī, the reflection of Śakra, ruler of the gods, on that wide earth made of beryl does not move. Nor does it think, elaborate, construct, or conceptualize. It is not a construct, not a concept, inconceivable, and not a mental placement. It is peaceful and cool, nonarising, noncessation, not seen, not heard, not smelt, not tasted, not touched, not a sign, not a cognition, and not something that can be made known.

“In the same way, Mañjuśrī, the tathāgata, the arhat, the perfect and complete Buddha does not move. Nor does he think, elaborate, construct, or conceptualize. He is not a construct, not a concept, inconceivable, not a mental placement. He is peaceful and cool, nonarising and noncessation, not seen, not heard, not smelt, not tasted, not touched, not a sign, not a cognition, and not something that can be made known.

1.25“Mañjuśrī, the Tathāgata is in the realm of nonarising. On the other hand, he appears in the world as a reflected image. According to the beliefs of sentient beings he displays diverse appearances and diverse lifespans. He appears among sentient beings who have become fitting receptacles for awakening thanks to their maturation and belief. These sentient beings then hear the Dharma according to their dispositions and beliefs. According to their dispositions they understand the three vehicles [F.280.b], and according to their dispositions they obtain belief.

1.26“It is as follows: Mañjuśrī, a great Dharma drum for making sounds of Dharma, which come about through the force of merit of the gods of the Thirty-Three, is placed in the atmosphere above the Vaijayanta Palace, beyond visible range. The divine scions cannot see it or behold it.

“However, Mañjuśrī, it is a great Dharma drum. Sometimes the gods in the heaven of the Thirty-Three become so intensely and continuously oblivious from playing with, enjoying, and delighting themselves with their divine pleasures that they fail to enter the divine hall called Sudharma to jointly chant the Dharma. And, Mañjuśrī, Śakra, lord of the gods, becomes so intensely and continuously oblivious from playing with, enjoying, and delighting himself with his divine pleasures that he fails to sit on his Dharma seat to speak of the Dharma. [32]

1.27“Mañjuśrī, at such times, that great Dharma drum, not to be seen or beheld, hanging in the atmosphere beyond visible range, plays a Dharma sound that addresses all the gods in the heaven of the Thirty-Three, ‘Friends! Form, sound, smell, flavor, and touch are impermanent; do not be careless. Do not quickly fall down from this abode! Friends, all coproducing factors are suffering! Friends, all coproducing factors are without self! Friends, all coproducing factors are empty! Do not become careless: for those who die and fall from here, to take birth here once again is difficult. So chant the Dharma together, and delight in the pleasant joy of Dharma. Remain with Dharma as your essence, being inclined toward the Dharma, with Dharma pouring like rain, recollecting and placing the Dharma in the mind. [F.281.a] You shall not then have to part from these divine enjoyments and delights in games of pleasure.’ [34]

1.28“At that time, Mañjuśrī, due to the sound of that great Dharma drum‍—invisible, formless, inconceivable, not a mental construct, out of sight, unborn, unceasing, beyond the way of words, and devoid of mind, mentality, and consciousness‍—all the gods in the heaven of the Thirty-Three are roused, scared, alarmed, and very distressed. They enter the divine hall called Sudharma and remain there, delighting in the pleasant joy of Dharma. They make the Dharma their essence, they become inclined toward the Dharma, with Dharma pouring like rain, recollecting and keeping the Dharma in mind. When they die and fall from that abode, they will again reach excellent places. Śakra, the king of the gods, then enters Sudharma, the divine hall, takes a seat on the Dharma throne, and teaches the Dharma.

1.29“Mañjuśrī, when the demigods battle against the gods, whenever the gods of the heaven of the Thirty-Three are being defeated, the Dharma drum emits a sound that makes the demigods so frightened, alarmed, agitated, and distressed that they flee. [36] Nevertheless, Mañjuśrī, that great Dharma drum does not have a producer, nor does it have a body. Mañjuśrī, that Dharma drum is invisible, not to be beheld, not true, not real, with no mind, without intention, sign-less, formless, voiceless, immaterial, nondual, and out of sight.

“Nevertheless, Mañjuśrī, for those gods in the heaven of the Thirty-Three who have previously purified themselves, a sound comes forth from the great Dharma drum. [F.281.b] It occurs to pacify all the misfortunes, troubles, and afflictions of the gods of the Thirty-Three.

1.30“Mañjuśrī, in the same way that from that great Dharma drum, a sound issues forth‍—invisible, bodiless, not to be beheld, not true, not real, with no mind, without intention, sign-less, formless, voiceless, immaterial, nondual, and out of sight‍—due to the maturation of previous karma of those gods in the heaven of the Thirty-Three, to pacify all their misfortunes, troubles, and afflictions, and prompts the careless gods, and in the same way as that sound of Dharma occurs to pacify all the misfortunes, troubles, and afflictions of the gods of the Thirty-Three, [38] so, too, Mañjuśrī, although the tathāgata, the arhat, the perfect and complete Buddha is invisible, not to be beheld, bodiless, not true, not real, with no mind, without intention, sign-less, formless, voiceless, nondual, nonexistent, and out of sight, nevertheless, Mañjuśrī, sentient beings perceive the voice of Dharma due to the maturation of previous karma, according to their individual aspirations and interests. And that sound of Dharma occurs to pacify all misfortunes, troubles, and afflictions of all sentient beings. Being the voice of Dharma, it is regarded in the world as the voice of the Tathāgata.

1.31“Mañjuśrī, there is no Tathāgata. However, the designation ‘Tathāgata’ comes about in the world because of the voice of Dharma. [F.282.a] It is exclusively due to the maturation of sentient beings’ previous wholesome karma that they perceive the voice of the Tathāgata. That voice emerges in order to produce happiness for all sentient beings and to prompt those who are careless. Mañjuśrī, as those sentient beings hear that sound, they form the concept of a tathāgata, thinking, ‘This is the Tathāgata’s body.’

“The speech of the Tathāgata is heard so that beginner bodhisattvas and all immature, ordinary people may generate roots of what is wholesome by taking the Tathāgata as their reference point. However, Mañjuśrī, the Tathāgata should be known to be nonarisen and nonceasing. [40]

1.32“It is as follows: Mañjuśrī, at the end of summertime, during the first month of rains, due to the maturation of sentient beings’ previous karma, and to generate, out of the multitudes of seeds and elements, all the grass, thickets, medicinal herbs, and trees on earth, winds begin to blow in the atmosphere and the sky above; then water comes about due to that wind, and it falls on the great earth. Thus, the great earth is satisfied, and all sentient beings in Jambūdvīpa are joyful and happy. Referring to this, the notion of a ‘cloud’ comes about in the world.

“Mañjuśrī, whenever not much rain falls from the atmosphere and the sky above, all the sentient beings in Jambūdvīpa think, ‘Here there is not a cloud.’ But when, Mañjuśrī, a lot of rain falls on the great earth from the atmosphere and the sky above, they say: ‘Oh, a great cloud [F.282.b] is pouring down water, satisfying the great earth.’

1.33“However, Mañjuśrī, when this happens there is neither a cloud, nor anything that can be designated as a cloud. Mañjuśrī, a large mass of water is generated by the wind, and then it falls from the atmosphere above. Mañjuśrī, the mass of water disappears in the atmosphere itself, due to the ripening of sentient beings’ previous karma. [42]

“Mañjuśrī, that cumulus of water above in the atmosphere, stirred by the wind and releasing water, is designated a cloud due to the maturation of sentient beings’ previous karma. However, Mañjuśrī, no cloud can be found there, nor anything that could be designated a cloud. Mañjuśrī, the cloud is nonarisen and nonceasing; it does not enter the way of mind, and it is free from coming and going.

1.34“In the same way, Mañjuśrī, for bodhisattva great beings who have accumulated previous roots of what is wholesome; for other sentient beings who wish for the awareness of a hearer or a pratyekabuddha; and for those sentient beings who have accumulated roots of what is wholesome and possess the causes to be shown the path to nirvāṇa, the tathāgata, the arhat, the perfect and complete Buddha with unobstructed brilliance comes to be counted as arisen in the world.

“Whatever he says is thus (tathā), undistorted, thus and not otherwise. Therefore, he was given the name Tathāgata among gods and men. [44] Mañjuśrī, this word appears among gods and men: Tathāgata. However, Mañjuśrī, there is no Tathāgata to be found. The Tathāgata, Mañjuśrī, is not a sign, and he is free from signs. [F.283.a] He is not placed in any of the primary or intermediate directions. He is unreal, nonarisen, and nonceasing.

1.35“On the other hand, Mañjuśrī, the appearance of the Tathāgata satisfies and entertains this world, including the gods, through the Dharma. And then, due to the ripening of previous karma of beginner bodhisattvas and immature, ordinary people who are guided by means of nirvāṇa, it appears that the Tathāgata is no more to be seen. They think, ‘The Tathāgata has passed into complete nirvāṇa.’ However, Mañjuśrī, the Tathāgata neither arises nor ceases. The Tathāgata, Mañjuśrī, is nonarisen and nonceasing. Mañjuśrī, the tathāgata, the arhat, the perfect and complete Buddha is primordially in complete nirvāṇa.

1.36“Mañjuśrī, when some water is taken as a point of reference for an unreal cloud that has not arisen nor ceased, and is nonexistent, the designation ‘cloud’ is established in the world. In the very same way, Mañjuśrī, when the teaching of the Dharma is taken as a point of reference for an unreal tathāgata who has not arisen nor ceased, and who is nonexistent and primordially unborn, the designation ‘the tathāgata, the arhat, the perfect and complete Buddha’ becomes established in the world. [46]

1.37“It is as follows: Mañjuśrī, every day the great and unsurpassed Brahmā, who controls ten trichiliocosms, looks upon all the classes of gods, as far as the class of the gods of the Four Great Kings. At that time, Mañjuśrī, while the great Brahmā, who controls ten trichiliocosms, looks upon all the classes of gods, they all abandon their games of pleasure, delights, and enjoyments. [F.283.b] They stop playing their percussion instruments and halt their singing. Shifting their attention from their games of pleasure and delights, they respectfully fold their hands and look toward the great Brahmā without blinking. For a moment, the great Brahmā offers sight of himself to all the classes of gods. At that time, the gods all long to be born in the world of the great Brahmā, and they dedicate their roots of what is wholesome toward taking birth in the world of the great Brahmā. [48]

1.38“Moreover, Mañjuśrī, that great Brahmā, without falling down from that Brahmā Palace, empowers another great Brahmā as the controller of ten trichiliocosms, thanks to the power of his previous aspirations and due to the prior accumulation of virtue on the part of the gods.

“Mañjuśrī, that emanated great Brahmā looks upon all the classes of gods, as far as the class of the gods of the Four Great Kings. At that time, Mañjuśrī, among all the classes of gods, all the scions of the gods abandon their games of pleasure, delights, and enjoyments. They stop playing their percussion instruments and halt their singing. Shifting their attention from their games of pleasure and delights, they respectfully fold their hands and look toward the great Brahmā without blinking. For a moment, the great Brahmā offers sight of himself to all the classes of gods. At that time, the gods all long to be born in the world of the great Brahmā, and they dedicate their roots of what is wholesome toward taking birth in the world of the great Brahmā. [50]

1.39“Still, Mañjuśrī, no Brahmā is there to be found. Mañjuśrī, Brahmā is empty, dependent, unreal, without syllables, without voice, [F.284.a] without place, and also not an existent thing. He is inconceivable, without signs, and free from mentality, mind, and consciousness. He is nonarisen and unceasing. And yet, Mañjuśrī, a semblance of him offering sight of himself appears among all the classes of gods, by the power of his own previous roots of what is wholesome and aspirations, and due to the previous accumulations of roots of what is wholesome on the part of those gods.

“Yet, Mañjuśrī, those gods do not think, ‘This Brahmā is an emanation. He is empty, dependent, unreal, without syllables, without voice, without place, and also not an existent thing. He is inconceivable, without signs, and free from mentality, mind, and consciousness. He is nonarisen and unceasing.’

1.40“Mañjuśrī, in the same manner the tathāgata, the arhat, the perfect and complete Buddha is empty, dependent, unreal, without syllables, without voice, without place, and also not an existent thing. He is inconceivable, without signs, and free from mentality, mind, and consciousness. He is nonarisen and unceasing.

“Still, Mañjuśrī, the tathāgata, the arhat, the perfect and complete Buddha is seen in the world. This is due to the power of his previous aspirations during his practice as a bodhisattva, and also due to the power of all the roots of what is wholesome of the beginner bodhisattvas, of those who set out on the vehicles of the hearers and the pratyekabuddhas, as well as of all the immature, ordinary people. He is seen in the world as a tathāgata adorned with hundreds of thousands of marks, like a reflected image; and he does not move from his place. [52]

1.41“However, Mañjuśrī, the beginner bodhisattvas and all those who set out on the vehicles of the hearers and the pratyekabuddhas, as well as all immature, ordinary people, do not think, ‘The Tathāgata, the Arhat, the Perfect and Complete Buddha is empty, dependent, unreal, without syllables, without voice, without place, and also not an existent thing. He is inconceivable, without signs, and free from mentality, mind, [F.284.b] and consciousness. He is nonarisen and unceasing.’

“Yet, Mañjuśrī, from the body of the Tathāgata, adorned with hundreds of thousands of marks, during all the empty postures of a tathāgata, a great Dharma teaching emanates for the sake of varied sentient beings with diverse beliefs.

“That Dharma teaching occurs to pacify all the troubles, harms, and afflictions of all sentient beings. In that regard, the Tathāgata is the same, neutral, without concepts, and does not make any distinctions. Thus, Mañjuśrī, through this explanation you should understand that ‘nonarising and noncessation’ is an appellation of the Tathāgata.” [54]

1.42Then, at that time, the Bhagavat spoke the following two stanzas:

1.44“It is as follows: Mañjuśrī, here in Jambūdvīpa the rays of the sun only shine at first on the great king of mighty mountains. After that, they shine on the Cakravāḍa and Mahācakravāḍa ranges. After that, they shine on the elevated regions of the earth. After that, they shine on the low-lying regions of the earth here in Jambūdvīpa.

“Yet those sun rays, Mañjuśrī, do not form mental constructs or concepts. They do not think or ponder. The rays of the sun, Mañjuśrī, are free from mentality, mind, and consciousness; they are unborn and unceasing, without characteristics, free from characteristics; [F.285.a] without mental placement, free from mental placement, without elaboration, free from elaboration; without torment, free from torment; not abiding hither, not abiding thither; not high, not low; not bound, not liberated; not knowing, not ignorant; not afflictions, not free from afflictions; not speaking the truth, not speaking falsely; not over there, not here; not on dry land, not in the stream; not the domain of reasoning, not the domain of nonreasoning; neither with form, nor formless. Yet, Mañjuśrī, due to the distinction of higher, middling, and lower places on the earth, the light shines differently, at higher, middling, and lower degrees causing varied shades. [58]

1.45“In the same way, Mañjuśrī, the tathāgata, the arhat, the perfect and complete Buddha does not form mental constructs or concepts. He does not think or ponder. Mañjuśrī, the Tathāgata is free from mind, mentality, and consciousness. He is unborn and unceasing. He is without characteristics, free from characteristics; without mental placement, free from mental placement, without elaboration, free from elaboration; without torment, free from torment; not abiding hither, not abiding thither; not high, not low; not bound, not liberated; not knowing, not ignorant; not afflictions, not free from afflictions; not speaking the truth, not speaking falsely; not over there, not here; not on the shore, nor on the nonshore; not on low land, nor on nonlow land; not on dry land, nor on nondry land; not in the stream, nor in the nonstream; not on the plains.

1.46“He is not omniscient, not nonomniscient; [F.285.b] not reasoning, not nonreasoning; not acting, not nonacting; neither behavior nor nonbehavior; neither mindful nor unmindful, neither with intention nor free from intention; neither mind nor without mind; neither originated nor unoriginated; neither name nor no name; neither form nor no form; neither verbal expression nor nonverbal expression; neither a possible object of imputation, nor not a possible object of imputation; neither visible nor invisible; neither a conducive way nor not a conducive way; neither leading along the way, nor not leading along the way; neither having obtained the result, nor not having obtained the result; neither a concept, nor not a concept; neither free from concepts, nor not free from concepts. [60]

1.47“Similarly, Mañjuśrī, the rays of awareness from the round sun of the Tathāgata shine brilliantly in the three realms, unimpeded throughout the dharmadhātu with neither edge nor center. Once they shine, they first descend upon the bodies of bodhisattvas, whose aspirations are like the great lord of mountains. After that, they descend upon the bodies of those who set forth on the Vehicle of Pratyekabuddhas. Then they descend upon the bodies of those who have set forth on the Hearers’ Vehicle. After that, they descend upon the body of sentient beings with wholesome aspirations, according to their specific inclinations. After that, the rays of awareness from the round sun of the Tathāgata even descend upon the body of those sentient beings with mental continua that are stuck in what is wrong. The rays assist all these beings by producing causes for what will come later, and increase their wholesome dharmas.

1.48“In that respect, Mañjuśrī, the Tathāgata [F.286.a] is everywhere the same, neutral, without concepts, and does not make any distinctions. Moreover, Mañjuśrī, the round sun of the Tathāgata’s awareness does not think, ‘I will teach this person the vast Dharma, but I will not teach that one.’ Neither do they have the concept, ‘This person has vast beliefs, that one has middling beliefs. This one has belief in the Hearers’ Vehicle. This one has wholesome aspirations while that one is low, with wrong aspirations.’ [62]

“Mañjuśrī, the round sun of the Tathāgata’s awareness does not think, ‘This sentient being has vast beliefs, so I will teach him the Great Vehicle. This one has middling beliefs, so I will teach him the Pratyekabuddha Vehicle. This one has belief in the Hearers’ Vehicle, so I will teach him the Hearers’ Vehicle. I shall come to understand the aspirations of sentient beings with either wholesome or unwholesome aspirations, then purify them and straighten up their view. Even for sentient beings stuck in what is wrong, I shall teach a fitting dharma.’

“The light of the rays of awareness from the round sun of the Tathāgata does not have any such concepts. And why? Because the light of the rays of awareness from the round sun of the Tathāgata has cut off all constructs, concepts, and elaborations. On the other hand, Mañjuśrī, because of variations in sentient beings’ inclinations to wholesome intent, the light of the rays of awareness from the round sun of the Tathāgata is varied too. [64] [B2]

1.49“It is as follows: Mañjuśrī, in the great ocean there is a great, precious jewel called Fulfilling All Wishes. When it is attached to the top of a banner and a sentient being makes a wish,[F.286.b] sentient beings will perceive corresponding words coming forth from the jewel. However, that great, precious jewel does not form mental constructs or concepts. It does not think or ponder. It is inconceivable, free from what can be conceived, and free from mind, mentality, and consciousness.

“In the very same way, Mañjuśrī, the tathāgata, the arhat, the perfect and complete Buddha does not form mental constructs or concepts. He does not think or ponder. He is inconceivable, free from what can be conceived, and free from mind, mentality, and consciousness. He is nongrasping, the act of not holding on. He is not obtained, not obtainable. He has eliminated arbitrary truths as well as attachment, aversion, and delusion. He is neither true nor false, neither permanent nor impermanent, neither shining nor not shining, neither worldly nor nonworldly. He is without deliberation or analysis. He is nonarisen and unceasing. [66]

1.50“He is inconceivable, imponderable, essence-less, and not possibly an essence. He is empty of nonexistence; he is free from striving or giving anything up. He cannot be clung to. He is not a conventional expression; he is the cutting off of conventional expressions. He is not bliss, he is free from bliss; he is the destruction of bliss.

“He cannot be counted; he is free from counting. He is not movement, he has reached nonmovement; he has cut off all movement and has cut off all conventional expressions.

“He cannot be seen or beholden, he is ungraspable. He is not space, not lack of space. He is not visible, not to be described, not an assemblage, and not a nonassemblage. He is neither mentally constructed nor not mentally constructed. He is not established, shown, [F.287.a] afflicted, or purified. He is not name, not form, not sign; not karma, not the maturation of karma. He is not past, not future, not present. He is nothing whatsoever. He is without impurity, without syllables, without voice, beyond a voice, not speech. He is not a characteristic, he is free from all characteristics; not perceived inside, outside, or in between.

1.51“And Mañjuśrī, the awareness jewel of the Tathāgata is completely pure in its intent, and is fixed at the top of the banner of great compassion. According to his or her inclinations and beliefs, a sentient being perceives a Dharma teaching issuing forth from that jewel. And in this respect, Mañjuśrī, the Tathāgata is the same, neutral, without concepts, and does not make any distinctions. [68]

1.52“It is as follows: Mañjuśrī, sentient beings perceive an echo issuing forth as the intimation of someone else’s speech.

“But that echo is not past, future, or present. It cannot be perceived inside, outside, or in between. It is nonarisen and unceasing. It is not cut off, not permanent; it is not endowed with awareness, nor is it without awareness. It is neither wisdom nor not wisdom, neither knowledge nor ignorance, and neither liberation nor not liberation.

“It is neither blameworthy nor free from blame, neither recollection nor nonrecollection, neither placed nor unplaced, neither sitting nor not sitting. It is not the earth element, not the water element, not the fire element, and not the wind element. [F.287.b] It is neither coproduced nor unproduced, neither free from elaboration nor with elaboration, neither speech nor not speech, and neither visible nor invisible.

1.53“It is without syllables, free from nonsyllables, without voice, beyond voice, without comparison, beyond comparison, not a characteristic, free from characteristics. It is neither peace nor not peace, neither long nor short, neither sentient nor insentient, and neither mental nor not mental. It is neither to be beheld, nor not to be beheld. It is empty of the nature of seeing. It is nonrecollection, and nonmental placement. It is not deliberation, not analysis, and free from mind, mentality, and consciousness. In all regards it is the same, neutral, without concepts, and does not make any distinctions. It is beyond the three times. However, Mañjuśrī, the echo, the voice of many sounds, comes forth for sentient beings with varied inclinations, as the intimation of the voice of many sounds, and sentient beings perceive it to be just that way. [70]

1.54“In the very same way, Mañjuśrī, the tathāgata, the arhat, the perfect and complete Buddha is not past, future, or present. He cannot be perceived inside, outside, or in between. He is nonarisen and unceasing. He is not cut off, not permanent; he is not endowed with awareness, nor is he without awareness. He is neither with wisdom nor without wisdom. He is neither knowledge nor ignorance, neither liberation nor not liberation.

“He is neither blameworthy nor free from blame, neither with recollection nor without recollection, neither placed nor unplaced, neither sitting nor not sitting. He is not the earth element, [F.288.a] not the water element, not the fire element, and not the wind element. He is neither coproduced nor unproduced, neither elaboration nor nonelaboration, neither speech nor not speech, and neither visible nor invisible.

1.55“He is without syllables, without voice, beyond voice, without comparison, beyond comparison, not a characteristic, free from characteristics. He is neither peaceful nor not peaceful, neither long nor short, neither sentient nor insentient, and neither mental nor not mental. He is neither to be beheld, nor not to be beheld. He is empty of the nature of seeing. He is nonrecollection and nonmental placement. He is not deliberation, not analysis, and free from mind, mentality, and consciousness. In all regards he is the same, neutral, without concepts, and does not make any distinctions. He is beyond the three times. Yet, Mañjuśrī, sentient beings with varied beliefs perceive the speech of the Tathāgata, issuing forth in accordance with their manifold inclinations. [72]

1.56“It is as follows: Mañjuśrī, it is through having the earth as their basis and support that all grass, thickets, herbs, and trees grow to become sizeable. But, Mañjuśrī, the earth does not form mental constructs or concepts. With respect to everything it is the same, free from concepts, free from distinctions. It is free from speculations and free from mind, mentality, and consciousness.

“In the same way, Mañjuśrī, it is through having the Tathāgata as their basis and support that all the roots of what is wholesome of all sentient beings grow and become sizeable. [F.288.b] Whether it is the roots of what is wholesome of those on the Vehicle of the Hearers, on the Pratyekabuddha Vehicle, or on the Great Vehicle; or of all tīrthikas such as the carakas, parivrājakas, and nirgranthas, and so forth; or of any others, down to the roots of what is wholesome of those stuck in what is wrong; it is through having the Tathāgata as their basis and support that they grow and become sizeable.

1.57“However, Mañjuśrī, the Tathāgata does not form mental constructs or concepts. Mañjuśrī, the tathāgata, the arhat, the perfect and complete Buddha has cut off all mental constructs, concepts, points of reference, and mental engagement. He is free from mind, mentality, and consciousness; he is neither speculation nor the domain of speculation. He is invisible, not to be beheld, not an object of thought or deliberation. He is without mental engagement, free from thought, and free from mind, mentality, and consciousness. With respect to all, he is the same, neutral, without concepts, and he does not make any distinctions. [74]

1.58“It is as follows: Mañjuśrī, space is everywhere the same, free from concepts and distinctions. It is nonarisen and unceasing; it is not past, future, or present. It is indefinable, nonelaborate, and formless; it cannot be shown or made known. It is without contact, without dwelling, not comparable, and beyond compare. It has no simile and is beyond all similes. It has no basis; it is ungraspable and beyond visible range. It is free from mind, mentality, and consciousness. It has no characteristic; it is without syllables, voice, and mental engagement. It has no striving or giving up; no removal, no addition. It is beyond the realm of words. It reaches and enters everywhere. And still, Mañjuśrī, sentient beings experience space as being low or high, according to whether the place is low, middling, or high. [76] [F.289.a]

1.59“In the same way, Mañjuśrī, the tathāgata, the arhat, the perfect and complete Buddha is everywhere the same, free from concepts and distinctions. He is nonarisen and unceasing, he is not past, future, or present. He is indefinable, nonelaborate, and formless; he cannot be shown or made known. He is without contact, without dwelling, not comparable, and beyond compare. He has no simile and is beyond all similes. He has no basis, he is ungraspable and beyond visible range. He is free from mind, mentality, and consciousness. He has no characteristic; he is without syllables, voice, and mental engagement. He has no striving or giving up; no removal, no addition. He is beyond the realm of words. He reaches and enters everywhere. And still, Mañjuśrī, according to whether sentient beings are low, middling, or high, they see the Tathāgata as low, middling, or high.

1.60“Mañjuśrī, the Tathāgata does not think, ‘This sentient being has low inclinations and beliefs, so I will show him a low perfection of the form body. This sentient being has middling inclinations and beliefs, so I will show him a middling perfection of the form body. This sentient being has vast inclinations and beliefs, so I will show him a vast perfection of the form body.’ [78]

“Mañjuśrī, this is also what you should understand regarding how the Dharma is taught. Mañjuśrī, the Tathāgata does not think, ‘This sentient being has low beliefs, so for him I shall make a speech relating to the Hearers’ Vehicle. This sentient being has middling beliefs, [F.289.b] so for him I shall make a speech relating to the Pratyekabuddha Vehicle. This sentient being has vast beliefs, so for him I shall make a speech relating to the Great Vehicle.’

1.61“Mañjuśrī, the Tathāgata does not think, ‘This sentient being has belief in giving, so for him I shall make a speech related to giving.’ Nor does he think so for discipline, forbearance, diligence, or concentration.

“Mañjuśrī, the Tathāgata does not think, ‘This sentient being has belief in the perfection of wisdom, so for him I shall make a speech related to the perfection of wisdom.’ Mañjuśrī, the Tathāgata does not think in that way. And why is that? Mañjuśrī, the Tathāgata is the dharmakāya. Mañjuśrī, the Tathāgata is utterly nonarisen. [80]

1.62“Mañjuśrī, for the Tathāgata, a consciousness chasing after names, forms, and etymological explanations does not occur. Mañjuśrī, the Tathāgata does not form mental constructs or concepts. Mañjuśrī, the Tathāgata is momentary, and his characteristic is to be inexhaustible. He is fixed at the pinnacle of nonexhaustion, the pinnacle of reality. Mañjuśrī, the Tathāgata, the Arhat, the Perfect and Complete Buddha is the pinnacle of the sameness of all dharmas, the pinnacle of their nonduality, and the pinnacle of their utter nonarising. In all regards he is the same, free from concepts, and free from distinctions. He is not low, nor middling, nor high.

“Mañjuśrī, just in the same way, all dharmas are same free from concepts, and free from distinctions. They are not low, nor middling, nor high. And why? It is because no dharmas are perceived. Mañjuśrī, [F.290.a] this nonperception of all dharmas is their sameness. Their sameness is their remaining fixed. Remaining fixed means that they do not move; not moving means being without any abode. [82]

1.63“For someone with no abode in any dharma, the mind has no place to stand. For a mind that stands nowhere, there will be nonarising. And for someone who sees in this way, no distorted mind and mental states come about; someone whose mind is undistorted will have authentic attainment.

“Whoever has authentic attainment will not form elaborations. Someone who does not form elaborations does not move about. When one does not move about, one does not wander. When one does not wander, one does not become distracted. One who does not become distracted does not oppose the dharmatā . One who does not oppose the dharmatā is in conformity with everything. One who is in conformity with everything does not move from the nature of the dharmas. One who does not move from the nature of the dharmas obtains the nature of the dharmas. One who obtains the nature of the dharmas does not form any elaboration. Why is that? Because he is born due to conditions and causes. [84]

1.64“Whoever is born from conditions and causes is utterly unborn. Someone utterly unborn has gained certainty. Whoever has gained certainty does not dwell with any mental engagement in the dharmas. When one does not dwell with any mental engagement in the dharmas, one does not dwell with the dharmas. When one does not dwell with the dharmas, one does not come into existence or go out of existence. When one does not come into existence or go out of existence, one becomes fixed and has obtained the Dharma.

“When one becomes fixed and has obtained the Dharma, one applies oneself to the proper dharma. When one applies oneself to the proper dharma, no dharma whatsoever is not a buddhadharma. And why? Due to the realization of emptiness. The realization of emptiness is awakening.

“It is awakening, because in this way one realizes emptiness, no-sign, no-wish; [F.290.b] no-effort, no-dwelling, no coming about; no object of apprehension and no-abode. Awakening is proper application. [86]

1.65“What is called proper application is to neither remove nor add. It is the application of not doing and not changing, and it is not connected. It is the nonliberated application, the application of neither oneness nor plurality, and the application of what has yet to come. This is proper application.

“In that respect, there is no application, no measure, and no direct realization of a result. And why? Because mind is by nature luminous. It is afflicted by adventitious afflictions, but its nature is not afflicted.

1.66“Luminosity by nature is nonaffliction. With respect to nonaffliction there is no counteragent‍—a counteragent by which the destruction of the afflictions may occur. And why? Because what is pure does not become pure; it just is pure.

“That which is pure is nonarising. nonarising is faultless. What is faultless is the destruction of joys, whereby all attachments cease. Where all attachments cease, that is nonarising. And nonarising is awakening. [88]

1.67“Awakening is sameness. Sameness is the tathatā. All dharmas, coproduced and unproduced, abide in the tathatā. With respect to the tathatā there is neither something coproduced nor something unproduced; there is no designation of duality. Where there is nothing coproduced or unproduced, and no designation of duality, that is the tathatā.

1.68“The tathatā is nothing else but the tathatā. Nothing else but the tathatā is the unchanging tathatā. The unchanging tathatā [F.291.a] is the noncoming tathatā. The noncoming tathatā is the tathatā that does not go. The tathatā that does not go is the authentic tathatā. The authentic tathatā is the not-at-all-tathatā. The not-at-all-tathatā is not afflicted and is not purified. That which is neither afflicted nor purified neither arises nor ceases. That which neither arises nor ceases is the same as nirvāṇa. That which is the same as nirvāṇa neither roams within saṃsāra nor passes into complete nirvāṇa. That which neither roams within saṃsāra nor passes into complete nirvāṇa is not past, future, or present. That which is not past, future, or present is not low, middling, or high. That which is not low, middling, or high is the tathatā.

1.69“What we call tathathā is an expression meaning tattva. What we call tattva is tathatā itself. Tathatā being the same as tattva is called tathatva. Thus, the tathatā and the self are not two, they are nondual. The meaning of nonduality is awakening, in the sense of becoming awake. [90] The meaning is explained as the awareness that enters the three gates of liberation with respect to all the Dharma teachings. The awareness is explained as engaging in the sameness of the three times with respect to all dharmas. The meaning of the inseparability of all dharmas is what is explained as the meaning. It is voiceless, ineffable, inexpressible, and cut off from any expressions. Awareness is explained as the awareness that understands the meaning and understands consciousness; this is explained as awareness. The meaning is explained as the meaning that is established by the awareness that understands the meaning of tattva, and by the awareness that understands consciousness. [F.291.b] That itself is the dharmatā. And the dharmatā is the meaning.

1.70“The dharmatā is the fixity of the dharmas, the regularity of the dharmas; it does not occur within a dharma. The nonoccurrence of the dharma and the sameness of meaning and expression are the same with respect to the nondual meaning. Sameness is the meaning. It is sameness according to the understanding of the meaning; it is the sameness of awareness, entering the gate of nonduality.

“The sameness of the interpretable meaning and the definitive meaning is their common meaning, which is emptiness. The sameness of the person is the same as the common meaning. The sameness of the dharmas is the same as the sameness of persons. The sameness of liberation is the same as the sameness of the dharmas. Realization according to the sameness of liberation is awakening. [92]

1.71“Mañjuśrī, for those who have attachment to form, the eye is attachment. Knowing the nature of form and of the eye is nonattachment.

“For those who have attachment to views, one’s own body is attachment. For those who have done away with all views, the awareness of one’s body’s natural emptiness is nonattachment.

“For those who are stuck in their attachment to improper mental placement, the appearance of dharmas is attachment. Discerning the dharmas through proper mental placement, the awareness of emptiness by nature and emptiness of essence is nonattachment.

1.72“For those who are stuck in their attachment to the stain of doubt, liberation is attachment. The authentic awareness of belief and liberation is nonattachment.

“For those who are stuck in their attachment to the stain of laziness, having present diligence toward realization is attachment. [F.292.a] The realization of dharmas as they are is nonattachment.

“For those who are stuck in their attachment to the hindrances, the limbs of awakening are attachment. Liberation through unobstructed awareness is nonattachment.

“Being by nature completely pure, all dharmas occur due to an assemblage of causes and conditions. With respect to that, a bodhisattva should understand well the cause of affliction and the cause of purification. He should neither abide with the purity of the cause of affliction, nor with the purity of the cause of purification. [94]

1.73“Elevating self is a cause of affliction. Forbearance in one’s engagement with the selflessness of dharmas is a cause of purification.

“The view of ‘I’ and ‘mine’ is a cause of affliction. Inner pacification and outer nonmovement is a cause of purification.

“Thoughts of desire, ill will, and harm are a cause of affliction. Forbearance in one’s dealings with impure things, in one’s practice of friendliness, compassion, rejoicing, equanimity, and with dependent dharmas, is a cause of purification.

1.74“The four distortions are a cause of affliction. The four placements of mindfulness are a cause of purification.

“The five hindrances are a cause of affliction. The five faculties are a cause of purification.

“The six entrances are a cause of affliction. The six remembrances are a cause of purification.

“The seven false dharmas are a cause of affliction. The seven limbs of awakening are a cause of purification.

“The eight wrong modes are a cause of affliction. The eight right modes are a cause of purification.

“The nine causes of antagonism are a cause of affliction. The absorptions into nine successive abodes are a cause of purification.

“The ten unwholesome courses of karma are a cause of affliction. [F.292.b] The ten wholesome courses of karma are a cause of purification.

“In brief, all unwholesome mental engagements are a cause of affliction; all wholesome mental engagements are a cause of purification. [96]

1.75“In that respect, whether causes of affliction or of purification, all dharmas are by nature empty, without a sentient being, without a living being, without one who nourishes, without a soul or a person, without a master, without appropriation, without activity, comparable to an illusion, without characteristics, pacified from within.

“Moreover, pacified from within they are utterly pacified. Utterly pacified, they are their intrinsic nature. Their intrinsic nature is not being perceived. Not being perceived is to have no abode. That which has no abode is thatness. Thatness is space. One cognizes all dharmas as the same as space. One engages conventionally in the purification of afflictions, yet does not abandon the dharmatā of space. And why? Mañjuśrī, no dharma whatsoever can be found for which there may be arising or cessation.” [98]

1.76Mañjuśrī inquired, “How then, Bhagavat, did the Tathāgata obtain awakening?”

The Bhagavat answered, “Mañjuśrī, the Tathāgata obtained an awakening that has no root and no ground to stand upon.”

Mañjuśrī asked, “Bhagavat, what root would that be, and what ground to stand upon?”

The Bhagavat replied, “Mañjuśrī, that root would be the transitory collection, and that ground to stand upon the imagination of what is not there. Then, Mañjuśrī, the Tathāgata knows the sameness of all dharmas through the sameness of awakening. Therefore it is said, Mañjuśrī, that ‘the Tathāgata realized an awakening that has no root and no ground to stand upon.’ [100]

1.77“Awakening, Mañjuśrī, is to be at peace, utterly at peace. [F.293.a] In that respect, what is peace, and what is utter peace? Inside there is peace; outside there is utter peace. Why is that?

“The eye, Mañjuśrī, is empty of a self and what belongs to a self; such is its nature. This is called peace. Thoroughly understanding that the eye is empty, one does not run toward forms. Thus it is called utter peace.

“In the same way, the ear is empty of a self and what belongs to a self; such is its nature. This is called peace. Thoroughly understanding that the ear is empty, one does not run toward sounds. Thus it is called utter peace.

“The nose is empty of a self and what belongs to a self; such is its nature. This is called peace. Thoroughly understanding that the nose is empty, one does not run toward smells. Thus it is called utter peace.

“The tongue is empty of a self and what belongs to a self; such is its nature. This is called peace. Thoroughly understanding that the tongue is empty, one does not run toward flavors. Thus it is called utter peace.

“The body is empty of a self and what belongs to a self; such is its nature. This is called peace. Thoroughly understanding that the body is empty, one does not run toward touchable things. Thus it is called utter peace.

“The mind, Mañjuśrī, is empty of a self and what belongs to a self; such is its nature. This is called peace. Thoroughly understanding that the mind is empty, one does not run toward dharmas. Thus it is called utter peace. [102]

“Awakening, Mañjuśrī, is by nature luminous, because the mind is by nature luminous; that is why it is said to be luminous by nature. The nature is not afflicted; it is the same as space, it has the nature of space, it goes together with space, it is comparable to space. The nature is utterly luminous.

1.78“Awakening, Mañjuśrī, is without striving or giving anything up. In that respect, how is it without striving, and how is it without giving anything up? Without striving [F.293.b] means not to grasp at any dharma. Without giving anything up means not to abandon any dharma. In that respect, Mañjuśrī, the Tathāgata, without striving or giving anything up, crossed the stream. He crossed it in such a way that he does not see this shore or the other shore of tathatā. Therefore, the Tathāgata realized all dharmas to be free from this shore or the other shore. Thus he is called the Tathāgata. [104]

1.79“Awakening, Mañjuśrī, is without sign or reference point. In that respect, what is signlessness, and what is the lack of reference point?

“That the eye-consciousness does not perceive, Mañjuśrī, is signlessness. That form is not seen is the lack of reference point.

“That the ear-consciousness does not perceive is signlessness. That sounds are not heard is the lack of reference point.

“That the nose-consciousness does not perceive is signlessness. That smells are not smelt is the lack of reference point.

“That the tongue-consciousness does not perceive is signlessness. That flavors are not tasted is the lack of reference point.

“That the body-consciousness does not perceive is signlessness. That touchable things are not touched is the lack of reference point.

“That the mind-consciousness does not perceive is signlessness. That dharmas are not cognized is the lack of reference point.

“This, Mañjuśrī, is the scope of the noble ones. That which is not the scope of the three realms, Mañjuśrī, is the scope of the noble ones. [106]

1.80“Awakening, Mañjuśrī, is not past, not future, not present. It is the same in the three times, and is cut off from the three spheres. In that respect, Mañjuśrī, what does it mean to be cut off from the three spheres? The mind in the past is not perceived. Consciousness does not run toward the future. [F.294.a] Mental placement does not occur in the present. One who does not abide in mind, mentality, and consciousness does not form mental constructs or concepts. Not forming mental constructs or concepts, one does not create the past and does not think of the future; one does not elaborate about the present.

1.81“Awakening, Mañjuśrī, is bodiless and unproduced. In that respect, Mañjuśrī, bodilessness is what cannot be cognized by the eye consciousness, what cannot be cognized by the ear, nose, tongue, body, or mind consciousness. Mañjuśrī, that which cannot be cognized by mind, mentality, and consciousness is unproduced. The unproduced is explained this way: where there is no arising, no abiding, no passing away, that is called the unproduced purified of the three spheres. The coproduced should be understood just like the unproduced. And why? The essence of all dharmas is no-essence; in that respect, there is no duality. [108]

1.82“Awakening, Mañjuśrī, is a basis of nondivision. In that respect, what is nondivision, and what is the basis? No-notion is nondivision. The tathatā is the basis. No-ground-to-stand-upon is nondivision. The dharmadhātu is the basis. Nonmultiplicity is nondivision. The true limit is the basis. Nonapprehension is nondivision. Nonmovement is the basis. Emptiness is nondivision. No-sign is the basis. Nondeliberation is nondivision. No-wish is the basis. Nonsolicitation is nondivision. Being without a sentient being is the basis. Nonessence of a sentient being is nondivision. Space is the basis. Nonperception is nondivision. Nonarising is the basis. Noncessation is nondivision. The unproduced [F.294.b] is the basis. No moving about is nondivision. Awakening is the basis. Pacification is nondivision. Nirvāṇa is the basis. Nondevelopment is nondivision; nonbirth is the basis. [110]

1.83“Awakening, Mañjuśrī, is not realized by the body nor by the mind. And why? The body, Mañjuśrī, is inert, motionless, and insentient. It is similar and comparable to grass, logs of wood, walls, or clay.

“The mind, on the other hand, can be compared to an illusion. It is hollow, void, unreal, and unproduced. Mañjuśrī, to realize the body and mind in this manner is explained as awakening. This is based on conventional usage, but it is not in the ultimate sense. And why? Mañjuśrī, awakening cannot be explained in terms of the body, the mind, or dharma, non-dharma, real, unreal, truth, or falsity. [112]

1.84“Awakening, Mañjuśrī, cannot be expressed through any dharma. And why? Mañjuśrī, awakening does not have the slightest location that allows it to enter conventional usage. Mañjuśrī, space has no location; it is unproduced, nonarisen, unceasing, and cannot be expressed. In the same way, Mañjuśrī, awakening has no location; it is unproduced, nonarisen, unceasing, and cannot be expressed. Mañjuśrī, when searching for the real space, it cannot be explained through any dharma. In the same way, Mañjuśrī, when searching for the real awakening, it cannot be explained through any dharma. And why? Mañjuśrī, with respect to what is real, no words can be found, because it is nonarisen and unceasing. [114]

“Awakening, Mañjuśrī, means to be ungraspable and to have no abode. In that respect, Mañjuśrī, what is it to be ungraspable, [F.295.a] and what is it to have no abode? The thorough cognition of the eye, Mañjuśrī, is to be ungraspable. The nonperception of form is to have no abode. The thorough cognition of the ear is to be ungraspable. The nonperception of sound is to have no abode. The thorough cognition of the nose is to be ungraspable. The nonperception of smell is to have no abode. The thorough cognition of the tongue is to be ungraspable. The nonperception of flavor is to have no abode. The thorough cognition of the body is to be ungraspable. The nonperception of touchable things is to have no abode. The thorough cognition of the mind is to be ungraspable. The nonperception of dharmas is to have no abode. In this way, the Tathāgata has realized awakening, ungraspable and without abode.

1.85“Once that has been realized, by not grasping at the eye and not perceiving form, the eye-consciousness has no ground to stand upon. Not grasping at the ear and not perceiving sounds, the ear-consciousness has no ground to stand upon. Not grasping at the nose and not perceiving smells, the nose-consciousness has no ground to stand upon. Not grasping at the tongue and not perceiving flavors, the tongue-consciousness has no ground to stand upon. Not grasping at the body and not perceiving touchable things, the body-consciousness has no ground to stand upon. Not grasping at the mind and not perceiving dharmas, the mind-consciousness has no ground to stand upon. Therefore, as his consciousness has no ground to stand upon, he comes to be counted as the tathāgata, the arhat, the perfect and complete Buddha. [116]

“Mañjuśrī, there are four grounds for the minds of sentient beings to stand upon. Which four? Form is a ground for the mind of sentient beings to stand upon. Similarly, Mañjuśrī, feeling, notion, and coproducing factors are grounds for the minds of sentient beings to stand upon. Moreover, Mañjuśrī, these four grounds for the mind to stand upon are known by the Tathāgata [F.295.b] to be nonarisen and unceasing.

1.86“Awakening, Mañjuśrī, is an appellation for emptiness. Mañjuśrī, the emptiness by which awakening is empty is also the emptiness by which all dharmas are empty. And the Tathāgata realized them, precisely in the way in which they are empty. Mañjuśrī, it is not that emptiness is realized through emptiness. On the other hand, Mañjuśrī, there is one single method: emptiness, or awakening. Mañjuśrī, where there is no emptiness, there is no awakening. In that respect, Mañjuśrī, there is no duality by which emptiness and awakening could be made into two. And why? Mañjuśrī, all dharmas are nondual, without characteristics, not made into two, without names, without signs, free from mind, mentality, and consciousness, nonarisen and unceasing, not acting, not moving forth, not occurring, without syllables, and without speech. [118] [B3]

1.87“Moreover, Mañjuśrī, that which is called empty is an appellation for no attachment and no grasping. On the other hand, Mañjuśrī, in the ultimate sense, no dharma called empty is there to be perceived. Mañjuśrī, the sky is called sky, yet the sky cannot be expressed. In the same way, Mañjuśrī, we say ‘empty, empty’ as an entrance to inexpressible, empty things.

“All dharmas are nameless, Mañjuśrī; yet all dharmas are described through names. Mañjuśrī, a name is not placed in either a primary or an intermediate location. The Tathāgata realized the dharmas to be precisely that way. As for the Dharma expressed through a name, that dharma too is not placed in either a primary or a secondary location. [F.296.a]

“Thus, Mañjuśrī, all the dharmas are known by the Tathāgata to be, from the very beginning, unborn, nonarisen, unceasing, without characteristics, free from mind, mentality, and consciousness, without syllables, and without voice. They are known to be just free. Mañjuśrī, it is not that they are first bound and then freed. [120]

1.88“Awakening, Mañjuśrī, is the same as the sky. The sky is neither even nor uneven. Awakening, too, is neither even nor uneven. And why? Mañjuśrī, a dharma with no real perfection cannot be spoken of as either even or uneven. Therefore, Mañjuśrī, all dharmas are realized by the Tathāgata as neither even nor uneven. They are realized in such a way that not even an atom is made even or uneven. Dharmas are cognized just as they are.

“And how does that accord with the awareness of reality? Mañjuśrī, all dharmas, nonarisen and unceasing, come into being after having not existed. Then, having existed, they disperse. They come into existence without a master and without being owned; and, Mañjuśrī, without a master and without being owned, they disperse. In this way, Mañjuśrī, they come into existence and go out of existence. They come about within the dharma of dependence, and there is no one here that causes them to come about. Thus it is said that the Tathāgata teaches the Dharma for the sake of cutting off the dharmas. [122]

1.89“Awakening, Mañjuśrī, is a consistent basis. In that respect, Mañjuśrī, what is a consistent basis? Mañjuśrī, just like awakening, so also form does not swerve from the tathatā. Just like awakening, so also feeling, notion, coproducing factors, and consciousness [F.296.b] do not swerve from the tathatā. Just like awakening, so also the earth element does not swerve from the tathatā. Just like awakening, so also the water element, the heat element, and the wind element do not swerve from the tathatā.

“Just like awakening, so also the eye-base, the form-base, and the eye-consciousness-base do not swerve from the tathatā. Just like awakening, Mañjuśrī, the ear-base, the sound-base, the ear-consciousness-base, the nose-base, the smell-base, the nose-consciousness-base, the tongue-base, the flavor-base, the tongue-consciousness-base, the body-base, the touchable-base, the body-consciousness-base, the mind-base, the dharma-base, and the mind-consciousness-base do not swerve from the tathatā.

1.90“And dharmas can be designated just as this: the aggregates, the bases, and the entrances. And this entire set has been realized by the Tathāgata as consistent: as it is before, so also is it later, and in between. It is unborn in the prior limit, not transferred at the later limit, and isolated in the middle. In this way, for all those things there is a ‘consistent basis.’ Just as one is, so are all; just as all are, so is one. And in this respect, Mañjuśrī, neither oneness nor plurality is perceived. [124]

1.91“Awakening, Mañjuśrī, enters the aspect-less by entering an aspect. In that respect, Mañjuśrī, what is an aspect, and what is the aspect-less? The aspect, Mañjuśrī, is explained as taking up all wholesome dharmas. The aspect-less is explained as the nonperception of any dharmas. The aspect is explained as the stabilization of an unstable mind. The aspect-less is explained as the gate to liberation of the samādhi of no-sign. [F.297.a] The aspect is explained as thinking, comparing, counting, and thorough consideration of all dharmas. The aspect-less is explained as transcending comparison. What is transcending comparison? It is that with respect to which there is no function of consciousness. The aspect is explained as the thorough consideration of the coproduced. The aspect-less is explained as the thorough consideration of the unproduced. [126]

1.92“Awakening, Mañjuśrī, is without outflows and without clinging. In that respect, Mañjuśrī, how is it without outflows, and how is it without clinging? Being without outflows, Mañjuśrī, is explained as the absence of the four outflows. Which four? They are: the outflow of desire, the outflow of existence, the outflow of ignorance, and the outflow of views. These are the four outflows.

“Being without clinging is explained as the absence of four types of clinging. Which four? They are: clinging to desire, clinging to views, clinging to one’s attachment to discipline and vows, and clinging to positing a self. These are the four types of clinging.

“Beings are blinded by ignorance. Craving disturbs them. They develop mutual attachment and cling to each other. In that respect, Mañjuśrī, the Tathāgata thoroughly understands that the root of clinging is the position of a self. Through self-purity, he understands the purity of all sentient beings. The purity of self is the purity of all sentient beings. The purity of all sentient beings is nondual, not divided into two. And the meaning of nonduality is nonarising and noncessation. [128]

1.93“With respect to nonarising and noncessation, Mañjuśrī, mind, mentality, and consciousness do not come about. In that respect there is no mental construct by which one may place the mind improperly. [F.297.b] Whosoever engages in proper mental placement does not give rise to ignorance. Not giving rise to ignorance means not giving rise to the twelve limbs of existence. Not giving rise to the twelve limbs of existence means no birth. No birth is the fixed rule. The fixed rule is the definitive meaning. The definitive meaning is the ultimate meaning. The ultimate meaning means to be devoid of a person. The meaning of being devoid of a person is the ineffable meaning. The ineffable meaning is the meaning of dependent arising. The meaning of dependent arising is the meaning of the Dharma. The meaning of the Dharma is the meaning of the Tathāgata. Hence it is said, ‘One who sees dependent arising sees the Dharma; one who sees the Dharma sees the Tathāgata.’ And he sees in such a way that, when he searches, he does not see anything whatsoever. In that respect, Mañjuśrī, what is anything whatsoever? It is the mind and the point of reference. When one does not see the mind and the point of reference, one then sees reality. In this way, the Tathāgata has realized, through their very sameness, that all these dharmas are equal. [130]

1.94“Awakening, Mañjuśrī, is pure, stainless, and without disturbance. In that respect, Mañjuśrī, what is purity, what is meant by stainless, and what is nondisturbance? Emptiness, Mañjuśrī, is purity; no-sign is stainless; no-wish is nondisturbance. Nonbirth is purity; noneffort is stainless; nonarising is nondisturbance. The nature is purity; complete purity is stainless; luminosity is nondisturbance. No elaboration is purity; freedom from elaboration is stainless; the pacification of elaborations [F.298.a] is nondisturbance. The tathatā is purity; the dharmadhātu is stainless; the pinnacle of reality is nondisturbance. Space is purity; the sky is stainless; the atmosphere is nondisturbance.

“To thoroughly cognize inside is purity; not to move forth on the outside is stainless; nonperception inside and outside is nondisturbance. To thoroughly cognize the aggregates is purity; the essencelessness of the bases is stainless; putting away the entrances is nondisturbance. To cognize past destruction is purity; to cognize future nonarising is stainless; to cognize the present abiding of the dharmadhātu is nondisturbance. [132]

1.95“In this way, Mañjuśrī, purity, the stainless, and nondisturbance are collected within a single basis: the peaceful basis. That which is peaceful is very peaceful. That which is very peaceful is utterly peaceful. That which is utterly peaceful is utter pacification; utter pacification is called the sage. Thus, Mañjuśrī, just like space, so is awakening. Just like awakening, so are the dharmas. Just like the dharmas, so are sentient beings. Just like sentient beings, so are the fields. Just like the fields, so is nirvāṇa. Therefore, Mañjuśrī, it is said that all dharmas are the same as nirvāṇa. Since this is their ultimate mode, there is no counteragent. Because there is no counteragent, they are primordially pure, primordially stainless, and primordially without disturbances. It is thus, Mañjuśrī, that the Tathāgata realized all dharmas to be; as he observes the sphere of sentient beings, a pure, great compassion that is free from disturbances, called play, comes about toward those sentient beings. [134]

1.96“Mañjuśrī, how does a bodhisattva practice within the conduct of a bodhisattva? [F.298.b] Mañjuśrī, a bodhisattva does not think of destruction, arising, nondestruction, nonarising, and the utter destruction of destruction; nor is he disturbed by utter nonarising. It is in this way, Mañjuśrī, that he practices within the conduct of a bodhisattva. Furthermore, Mañjuśrī, a bodhisattva does not practice by thinking, ‘The past mind is destroyed;’ he does not practice by thinking, ‘The future mind has yet to be obtained;’ he does not practice by thinking, ‘The present mind abides.’ He is not stuck in the past, future, or present mind. As he practices in this way, Mañjuśrī, a bodhisattva practices within the conduct of a bodhisattva. [136]

1.97“Mañjuśrī, giving, awakening, and sentient beings and, on the other hand, the Tathāgata: these are nondual, they are not divided into two. Practicing in this way, a bodhisattva practices within the conduct of a bodhisattva. Mañjuśrī, discipline, awakening, and sentient beings and, on the other hand, the Tathāgata: these are nondual, they are not divided into two. Practicing in this way, a bodhisattva practices within the conduct of a bodhisattva.

“It is the same way with forbearance, awakening, and sentient beings, and, on the other hand, the Tathāgata; diligence, awakening, and sentient beings, and, on the other hand, the Tathāgata; concentration, awakening, and sentient beings, and, on the other hand, the Tathāgata; and similarly, wisdom, awakening, and sentient beings, and, on the other hand, the Tathāgata. These are nondual, they are not divided into two. Practicing in this way, a bodhisattva practices within the conduct of a bodhisattva.

“Mañjuśrī, a bodhisattva may practice thinking that ‘form is not empty’ and also ‘not nonempty.’ Practicing in this way, Mañjuśrī, that bodhisattva practices within the conduct of a bodhisattva. And why? He thinks, ‘Form itself is empty of the essence of form. In the same way, [F.299.a] feeling, notion, coproducing factors, and consciousness are empty.’ He practices thinking in this way and also thinking that ‘they are not nonempty.’ Practicing in this way, Mañjuśrī, a bodhisattva practices within the conduct of a bodhisattva. And why? Because mind, mentality, and consciousness are not perceived. [138]

1.98“Mañjuśrī, there is no dharma whatsoever that could be thoroughly cognized, dispelled, cultivated, or directly realized. Mañjuśrī, that which is understood as destruction is simply the destruction of extremes. And that which is completely destroyed is not something one should cause to be destroyed. As it is indestructible and not destroyed, it is without destruction. And why? It conforms to destruction; and conforming to destruction is the destruction of nothing whatsoever. And that, wherein there is no destruction of anything whatsoever, is unproduced. With respect to the unproduced, there is no arising and no cessation.

“Therefore it is said, ‘Whether the tathāgatas arise or not, this dharmatā is invariable; it is the invariability of the dharmas, the dharmadhātu.’ Just like the invariability of the dharmadhātu, the Tathāgata’s awareness is neither occurring nor ceasing. Entering the Dharma method in this way, the outflows do not arise and do not cease. The destruction of the outflows, Mañjuśrī, is a conventional expression, speech, syllables, sign, and designation. Here no dharma whatsoever arises or ceases.” [140]

1.99Then the youthful Mañjuśrī rose from his seat, folded his upper robe, and placed his right knee on the ground. Folding his hands in the direction of the Bhagavat, he praised him with these verses:

1.144Then the Bhagavat praised the youthful Mañjuśrī:

“Good, Mañjuśrī, that is good! You have spoken well, Mañjuśrī. It is just as you said. Mañjuśrī, the buddhas should not be seen through form, through dharmas, through characteristics, or through the dharmadhātu. The buddhas do not stay by themselves nor do they reside among many people. The buddhas have not been seen by anyone, nor heard, nor worshipped, nor are they being worshipped now. The buddhas do not make oneness or plurality out of any dharma.

“The buddhas did not obtain awakening. The buddhas are not increased by any dharma. No dharma has been seen by the buddhas, nor has it been heard, recollected, [F.301.b] cognized, or known. The buddhas have not spoken or expressed anything. They do not speak or express anything. They will not speak or express anything. The buddhas do not gain supreme realization. The buddhas do not supremely realize any dharma. The buddhas’ afflictions have not been destroyed. Buddhas have not directly realized purification. Buddhas have not seen any dharma, nor heard it, smelt it, tasted it, touched it, or cognized it. And why? Because of the primordial purity of all dharmas. [168]

1.145“Mañjuśrī, a bodhisattva may establish as many sentient beings as there are atomic particles in a great trichiliocosm into the state of a pratyekabuddha, but he may still have no belief in this Dharma teaching. Another bodhisattva, Mañjuśrī, who believes in this Dharma teaching engenders much more merit than the first. All the more so for one who writes down this Dharma teaching or makes others write it‍—such a person engenders even more merit. [170]

1.146“Mañjuśrī, there are many sentient beings to be found in the great trichiliocosm, whether born from an egg, born from a womb, born from moisture, or born suddenly; some with form, others formless; some with notions, others without notions; some without feet, others with two feet, and some with four feet, or with many feet. Now, imagine that all of them obtain a human body, without precedent, but not their last. Once they obtain a human body, they give rise to bodhicitta. Having given rise to bodhicitta, each and every one of those bodhisattvas attends as many buddhas, together with bodhisattvas and hearers, [F.302.a] as there are atomic particles in buddhafields as numerous as the grains of sand in the Ganges. Each bodhisattva offers robes, alms-food, bedding, seats, herbs that counteract illness, and provisions, and he collects all the necessities for their happiness. Furthermore, he builds stūpas for those buddhas who have already reached complete nirvāṇa, for as many eons as the number of grains of sand in the Ganges. He constructs them out of precious substances, one hundred yojanas high, encircled by jeweled vedikās, beautified with festoons of gems, pearls, and jewels, with raised umbrellas, standards, and flags, and covered in nets of the precious vaśirāja gem. [172]

1.147“Now imagine another bodhisattva, with the right inclination, who listens to this Dharma teaching, The Ornament of the Light of Awareness That Enters the Domain of All Buddhas, and then believes in it, engages with it, trusts it, realizes it, or teaches at least one of its stanzas. Compared to the bodhisattvas first mentioned, he would engender even more uncountable merit that would lead him to follow the awareness of a buddha. Compared to the merit he would produce, the production of merit in the first instance, consisting of the bodhisattvas’ acts of giving, would not even amount to a hundredth part. It would not even count for one thousandth or one-billionth of it. It would not even count as any part, any number worthy of consideration, simile or approximation of any kind. [174]

1.148“Mañjuśrī, imagine a householder bodhisattva who attends as many buddhas and bodhisattvas, together with their saṅgha of hearers, as there are grains of sand in the Ganges, for eons as numerous as the grains of sand in the Ganges. He would offer them robes, alms-food, bedding, seats, remedies for exhaustion, medicinal herbs, and provisions. But another ordained bodhisattva, disciplined and with the right inclination, [F.302.b] may give a morsel of food to a single sentient being born as an animal. Compared to the merit he would produce, the production of merit in the first instance would not even amount to a hundredth part. It would not even count for one thousandth or one-billionth of it, up to, as before, any approximation of any kind. [176]

1.149“Mañjuśrī, imagine as many bodhisattvas as there are atomic particles in the great trichiliocosm, all of them ordained, disciplined, and pure in their inclinations. Each bodhisattva would attend as many buddhas and bodhisattvas, together with their saṅgha of hearers, as there are grains of sand in the Ganges. He would offer robes, alms-food, bedding, seats, remedies for exhaustion, medicinal herbs, and provisions, for eons as numerous as the grains of sand in the Ganges. All those bodhisattvas would thus produce merit through their acts of giving. But another bodhisattva, pure in his inclinations and disciplined, whether householder or ordained, may listen to this Dharma teaching and believe in it, trust it, write it down, or make others write it down. Compared to the merit he would produce, the production of merit in the first instance, consisting of the bodhisattvas’ acts of giving, would not even amount to a hundredth part. It would not even count for one thousandth or one-billionth of it. It would not even bear approximation of any kind. [178]

1.150“Mañjuśrī, imagine that a bodhisattva great being were to fill the great trichiliocosm with seven precious substances and offer it as a gift to the buddhas, the bhagavats. Offering in this way, he would give this gift for as many eons as there are atomic particles of dust in a great trichiliocosm. But another bodhisattva may teach just a four-line stanza from this Dharma method [F.303.a] to another bodhisattva. Compared to the merit he would produce, the production of merit in the first instance would not even amount to a hundredth part. It would not even count for one thousandth or one-billionth of it. It would not even bear approximation of any kind. [180]

1.151“Mañjuśrī, consider that the production of merit of someone giving offerings were to continue for as many eons as there are atomic particles in a great trichiliocosm. Mañjuśrī, bodhisattvas as numerous as the grains of sand in the Ganges would be there; each bodhisattva would cover as many golden buddhafields as the number of grains of sand in the Ganges, and also all their trees, with divine clothes, and then cover them in nets of gems and jewels shining in all possible ways. He would then fill them with high palaces made of precious vaśirāja gems and surrounded with vedikās of the precious vidyutpradīpa gems. Once filled, he would give them as a gift, with raised parasols, standards, and flags, to as many buddhas as there are grains of sand in the Ganges, each and every day. In this way, he would offer such gifts for eons as numerous as the grains of sand in the Ganges. But another bodhisattva may believe in this Dharma teaching and teach just a single four-foot stanza from it to another bodhisattva. Compared to the merit he would produce, the production of merit in the first instance, consisting of the bodhisattvas’ acts of giving, would not even amount to a hundredth part. It would not even count for one thousandth or one-billionth of it. It would not even count as any part, any number worthy of consideration, simile or approximation of any kind. [182]

1.152“It is as follows: Mañjuśrī, if all sentient beings included in the three world spheres were to be born in the hells, or as animals, [F.303.b] or as pretas in the world of Yama, a householder bodhisattva may pull all of them out from those hells, the animal realm, and the preta world of Yama and establish them in the state of a pratyekabuddha. But another ordained bodhisattva may just give a morsel of food to one sentient being born as an animal. Compared to the first, the second would engender a greater merit, an uncountably greater merit. [184]

1.153“Mañjuśrī, imagine that there were as many ordained bodhisattvas in the ten directions as there are atomic particles in inexpressibly numerous, tens of quintillions of buddhafields. Each bodhisattva, everywhere within the ten directions, would then see as many buddhas, as many bhagavats, as there are atomic particles in inexpressibly numerous, tens of quintillions of buddhafields. He would then attend upon each tathāgata, and the corresponding bodhisattvas and hearers, for as many eons as there are atomic particles in inexpressibly numerous, tens of quintillions of buddhafields. He would offer robes, alms-food, bedding, seats, remedies for exhaustion, medicinal herbs, and provisions. To each tathāgata, each and every day, he would offer as many world spheres as there are atomic particles in inexpressibly numerous, tens of trillions of buddhafields, after filling them with the precious vaśirāja gems. But another bodhisattva, believing in this Dharma teaching, may give just one morsel of food to a sentient being born as an animal. Compared to the merit he would produce, the production of merit in the first instance, consisting of the bodhisattvas’ acts of giving, would not even amount to a hundredth part. It would not even count for one thousandth or one-billionth of it. It would not even count as any part, any number worthy of consideration, simile or approximation of any kind. And why? [F.304.a] The seal of nonreturning bodhisattvas is to hear this Dharma teaching. [186]

1.154“Mañjuśrī, a bodhisattva might establish the sentient beings of all the world spheres in the ten directions in the state of one who follows out of conviction. But another bodhisattva might establish a single sentient being in the state of one who follows the meaning. In that case, the latter would engender incalculably greater merit.

1.155“Mañjuśrī, a bodhisattva might establish the sentient beings of all the world spheres in the ten directions in the state of one who follows the meaning. But another bodhisattva might establish a single sentient being in the state of one who follows the Dharma. In that case, the latter would engender incalculably greater merit.

1.156“Mañjuśrī, a bodhisattva might establish the sentient beings of all the world spheres in the ten directions in the state of one who follows the Dharma. But another bodhisattva might establish a single sentient being in the result of attaining the stream. In that case, the latter would engender incalculably greater merit. [188]

1.157“Mañjuśrī, a bodhisattva might establish the sentient beings of all the world spheres in the ten directions in the result of attaining the stream. But another bodhisattva might establish a single sentient being in the result of a once-returner. In that case, the latter would engender incalculably greater merit.

1.158“Mañjuśrī, a bodhisattva might establish the sentient beings of all the world spheres in the ten directions in the result of a once-returner. But another bodhisattva might establish a single sentient being in the result of a nonreturner. In that case, the latter would engender incalculably greater merit.

1.159“Mañjuśrī, a bodhisattva might establish the sentient beings of all the world spheres in the ten directions in the result of a nonreturner. But another bodhisattva might establish a single sentient being in the result of an arhat. [F.304.b] In that case, the latter would engender incalculably greater merit. [190]

1.160“Mañjuśrī, a bodhisattva might establish the sentient beings of all the world spheres in the ten directions in the result of an arhat. But another bodhisattva might establish a single sentient being in the result of a pratyekabuddha. In that case, the latter would engender incalculably greater merit.

1.161“Mañjuśrī, a bodhisattva might establish the sentient beings of all the world spheres in the ten directions in the result of a pratyekabuddha. But another bodhisattva might establish a single sentient being in bodhicitta. In that case, the latter would engender incalculably greater merit.

1.162“Mañjuśrī, a bodhisattva might establish the sentient beings of all the world spheres in the ten directions in bodhicitta. But another bodhisattva might establish a single sentient being in the state of irreversibility. In that case, the latter would engender incalculably greater merit. [192]

1.163“Mañjuśrī, a bodhisattva might establish the sentient beings of all the world spheres in the ten directions in the state of irreversibility. But another bodhisattva, believing in this Dharma teaching, might make others write it down, might shed light on it, or at least cause a single sentient being to engage with this Dharma teaching. In that case, the latter would engender incalculably greater merit.” [194]

1.164Then, at that time, the Bhagavat spoke the following verses:

1.173Thus spoke the Bhagavat joyfully. The bodhisattva Ārya Mañjuśrī and the bodhisattva great beings, who had assembled from all the infinite, limitless world spheres of the ten directions, along with the great hearers and the world with its gods, humans, demigods, and gandharvas, rejoiced at the Bhagavat’s teachings.

1.174This completes the Noble Mahāyāna Sūtra “The Ornament of the Light of Awareness That Enters the Domain of All Buddhas.”