Introduction

i.1The Dhāraṇī of Parṇaśavarī is a short dhāraṇī dedicated to the piśācī Parṇaśavarī, who is renowned in Buddhist lore for her power to cure disease, avert epidemics, pacify conflicts, and otherwise protect those who recite her dhāraṇī from hardships beyond their control. Her name can be translated as the “Leaf-Clad Mountain Woman” and points to her status as a piśācī, a class of wild and often dangerous supernatural beings that haunt the untamed forests and mountains of the South Asian and Himalayan landscape. The dhāraṇī translated here is among the oldest extant works dedicated to her and represents one of the earliest known rites used to invoke her assistance. The later Indian and Tibetan traditions recognize Parṇaśavarī as a manifestation of the goddess Tārā, and popularized recitation of her dhāraṇīs and mantras as a specifically effective means for countering epidemics. Parṇaśavarī appears in rites or maṇḍalas associated with the Mañjuśrī­mūla­kalpa, Hevajra Tantra , Sampuṭa Tantra, and Caṇḍa­mahā­roṣaṇa Tantra and remains popular in Nepalese Buddhism, where her dhāraṇī has been incorporated into the “Seven Days” (Saptavāra) practice of reciting one dhāraṇī per day of the week. She is also widely practiced in the Tibetan tradition, as is clear from the large body of indigenous Tibetan literature dedicated to her rituals and practices.

i.2In the dhāraṇī translated here, Parṇaśavarī is described only briefly as a piśācī with two arms, one holding a noose and the other an axe. Her form evolved in the later Indo-Tibetan tradition, however, and a three-faced, six-armed form has become widely popular. In this depiction her body is described as yellow or green in color, with a matching center face, a white face to the right, and a red face to the left. Her six arms wield a vajra, axe, and arrow on the right while making the gesture of threat and holding a noose, bow, and bundle of leaves on the left. Her relationship to wild and untamed spaces is made particularly explicit by the description of leaves clinging to her body and her matted locks, tiara of woven flowers, tiger-skin sash, and so forth.

i.3Though included in the Kangyur, The Dhāraṇī of Parṇaśavarī lacks many of the expected features of canonical Buddhist scripture. The dhāraṇī does not begin with the standard introductory formula (nidāna) that establishes the setting for the scripture, nor is it framed as a discourse of the Buddha Śākyamuni or another member of the Buddhist pantheon. The text begins with a general homage to the Three Jewels followed by a more specific homage to the buddhas and bodhisattvas of the lotus family‍—Amitābha, Avalokiteśvara, and Mahāsthāmaprāpta‍—that serves to categorize Parṇaśavarī and her practice as belonging to that family of deities and rites. Following this homage the dhāraṇī continues with a plea for Parṇaśavarī’s intercession, via her dhāraṇī, in matters of disease, disaster, and strife. After this plea comes the dhāraṇī itself, which is rendered in a mixture of phonetic Sanskrit and Tibetan translation. Like the passage that precedes it, the dhāraṇī consists of a vigorous exhortation to Parṇaśavarī to pacify an array of threats that are generally beyond the supplicant’s personal control, including disease, epidemics, physical danger, and astrological influences. The text then ends abruptly with the completion of the dhāraṇī.

i.4The Dhāraṇī of Parṇaśavarī represents one of three ritual manuals dedicated to Parṇaśavarī included in the Tibetan canon, manuals which in turn serve as the basis for seven different but closely related texts, two in the Kangyur and five in the Tengyur. Those in the Kangyur seem to have been brought to Tibet some two centuries earlier than those in the Tengyur.

i.5The two Parṇaśavarī texts in the Kangyur must have been derived from the same basic text. The difference between the version translated here, The Dhāraṇī of Parṇaśavarī, and the other, The Parṇaśavarī Sūtra, is that in the latter the original text is rendered entirely in transliterated Sanskrit, and is then followed by a series of verses in Tibetan emphasizing the sūtra’s efficacy in a number of different contexts, with a specific emphasis on veterinary applications; the verses are unique to that version. In those Kangyurs that have an added Compendium of Dhāraṇīs, like the Degé Kangyur, these two Parṇaśavarī texts are each duplicated therein; thus in the Degé Kangyur The Dhāraṇī of Parṇaśavarī appears once in the Tantra section as Toh 736, and again in the Compendium of Dhāraṇīs as Toh 995, while The Parṇaśavarī Sūtra appears as Toh 735 in the Tantra section and Toh 994 in the Compendium of Dhāraṇīs. In the Tengyur, two texts almost identical to the one translated here are each included in two different anthologies of sādhanas. One has the title The Dhāraṇī Mantra of Parṇaśavarī (Toh 3361), and the other The Dhāraṇī of Parṇaśavarī (Toh 3540).

i.6None of the instances of the text in the Kangyur include a translators colophon, but in the Tengyur the colophon to Toh 3361 identifies it as having been translated by the paṇḍita Amoghavajra and Khampa Lotsāwa Bari Chödrak (ca. eleventh century), and the Tengyur catalog lists it among the collection of sādhanas compiled by this pair; while Toh 3540 is listed among the sādhanas compiled by Jetsün Drakpa Gyaltsen (1147–1216), third of the five great Sakya forefathers. However, the version of The Dhāraṇī of Parṇaśavarī found in the Kangyur almost certainly predates these collections significantly, since its inclusion in the Denkarma catalog indicates that it had been translated into Tibetan by the early ninth century. The dhāraṇī was translated into Chinese twice, once by Amoghavajra (705–74) and again by Faxian (ca. tenth century). From Amoghavajra ’s Chinese translation we can be confident that the dhāraṇī was circulating in India at least as early as the eighth century.

i.7Parallel to all six of these Tibetan versions, and in addition to their transliterated content, a purely Sanskrit witness has been preserved in the Sādhanamālā under the title Ārya­parṇa­śavarī­tārā­dhāraṇī, The Noble Dhāraṇī of Parṇaśavarī-Tārā. The title itself is unique for its identification of Parṇaśavarī as a form of the goddess Tārā, which is not specified in any of the canonical works dedicated to Parṇaśavarī translation but accords with the later Indo-Tibetan tradition. However, since none of the many manuscripts of the Sādhanamāla can be dated to earlier than the twelfth century ᴄᴇ, the inclusion of Tārā in the title (which is not even a feature of all the manuscripts) cannot be taken as evidence for that identification with Tārā going back as far as the earlier Tibetan witnesses. Apart from this difference in the title, the Sanskrit and Tibetan texts are the same except for some minor variations.

i.8The Sādhanamālā contains two additional texts on Parṇaśavarī, and it is these two texts that are the surviving Sanskrit parallels to the remaining three Tibetan translations in the Tengyur. Sādhanamālā no. 148 entitled The Sādhana of Parṇaśavarī, is, as the title suggests, a sādhana and so does not include the long dhāraṇī found in the present translation. Instead, it includes the much shorter mantra similar to the one popularly associated with Parṇaśavarī in the later Indo-Tibetan tradition: oṃ piśāci parṇaśavari sarvamāripraśamani svāha, “Oṃ Hail to the Piśācī Parṇaśavarī who pacifies every pestilence!” This sādhana was translated and included in the Tibetan canon as Toh 3360, a translation prepared by Amoghavajra and Bari Chödrak, and as Toh 3538, a work compiled by Drakpa Gyaltsen. Finally, Sādhanamālā no. 149, also entitled The Sādhana of Parṇaśavarī, consists of a much shorter sādhana that was included in Drakpa Gyaltsen’s collection (Toh 3539). This sādhana differs from the preceding one in describing Parṇaśavarī’s right and left faces as being black and white instead of white and red, and includes a slightly longer variant of the deity’s mantra: oṃ piśāci parṇaśavari sarvamāripraśamani hūṃ phaṭ svāhā.

i.9This English translation is based on the Tibetan text from the Degé Kangyur in consultation with the Tibetan translations found in the Stok Palace and Phukdrak Kangyurs and the Sanskrit witness from the Sādhanamālā. The main dhāraṇī follows the text recorded in the Tibetan translation but has been lightly emended based on the Sanskrit attested in the Sādhanamālā.

i.10This text was translated during the coronavirus pandemic of 2019–2020 and is offered by 84000: Translating the Words of the Buddha with the aspiration that all beings everywhere may find comfort and relief during this challenging time.