Notes

n.1The Denkarma catalog is usually dated to ca. 812 ᴄᴇ.

n.2Butön Rinchen Drup, chos ’byung, folio 172.a/p. 975.

n.3Provisional translation: “Homage to Mañjuśrī, the ever-youthful bodhisattva great being, one of great compassion! It is: Oṁ, immaculate, untainted, pure, utterly pure, purifying one, making perfectly pure, stainless, utterly stainless, and triumphant! You who convey and move with the roaring sounds ru ru, hūṁ hūṁ hūṁ phaṭ phaṭ phaṭ, svāhā!” Our translation of the Skt. ru ru cale is tentative. It could alternatively be interpreted as one word (rurucale), meaning “you with the movements of an antelope” and implying grace and gentleness.