Introduction

i.1The renunciant’s staff is a religious implement shared by the ascetic cultures of Brahmanism, Buddhism, Jainism, and other Indian traditions. The practice of ascetics carrying a staff when they wander about must be very old. Pāṇini’s Sanskrit grammar (ca. fourth century ʙᴄᴇ) already mentions maskarin, a staff bearer, as a name for a renunciant. Makkhali Gosāla, the founder of the Ājīvikas and a contemporary of the Buddha, is known by the epithet maskarin. The Buddhist saṅghas in India developed a staff, called a khakkhara in Buddhist Sanskrit texts, that, as far as we know, is unique in conception and design. Consisting of a metallic head, a long shaft, and a lower tip, it is included among the eighteen requisites of a Buddhist monastic. The canonical Vinaya texts of the Sarvāstivāda tradition, such as the Vinayavastu and the Vinayasūtra of Guṇaprabha, mention the ringing staff in passing as one of the regular items in a Buddhist monk’s possession. These texts provide neither a focused discussion of the staff nor a list of rules governing its use.

i.2Two sūtras in the General Sūtra section of the Kangyur are focused on the single subject of the ringing staff. The Sūtra on the Ringing Staff (Toh 335) is the longer of the two and concerns itself with the religious significance of the staff and the benefits to be gained from its use. It also describes the staff’s symbolism and its constituent parts. The Rite for the Protocols Associated with Carrying the Ringing Staff (Toh 336), which is translated in the following pages, sets forth a simple ritual for a monk to receive a ringing staff along with twenty-five dharmas (chos), or rules, stipulating how the staff is to be properly utilized.

i.3In most modern Buddhist cultures, the ringing staff has been reduced to a mere ritual artifact. From the contents of the twenty-five rules, it appears that the use of the staff was once associated with several practical purposes: (A) protection against animals (no. 1), (B) a walking aid (no. 2), (C) collecting alms (nos. 3, 6, 13, 14, 15, and 20), and (D) travel (nos. 21, 23, and 24). The predominance of alms collection and, to a lesser extent, travel in the list perhaps indicates the ringing staff’s main functions. Many of the twenty-five rules, therefore, show the occasions of the staff’s use. In addition, many items in the list are rules prescribing how the staff should and should not be used. We find in these rules a concern for the positive image of the Buddhist saṅgha, as they also define proper behavior surrounding a religious instrument that is recognized as symbolically powerful.

i.4The Rite for the Protocols Associated with Carrying the Ringing Staff does not contain the common framework expected of a text belonging to the sūtra genre. Rather, it looks like a supplementary text dealing with practical matters. One single text in the Taishō edition of the Chinese Tripiṭaka includes materials found in both Toh 335 and Toh 336. The De daoti cheng xizhang jing (得道梯橙錫杖經, Taishō 785) was translated in the Eastern Jin Dynasty (317–420 ᴄᴇ). It contains a Chinese version of the Sūtra on the Rattling Staff that concludes with the rejoicing of the teaching’s audience. It then proceeds to present additional materials, among which a list of twenty-five rules related to the way of carrying the ringing staff is found. For the purpose of clarity, we will call this “the list in the Chinese sūtra.” After the end of the sūtra, the translator adds an appendix that gives a second list of twenty-five rules. We will call this “the list in the Chinese appendix.” The list of twenty-five rules in the appendix is said to be “translated based on the Indian Tripiṭaka to make the future reader aware of its origin.” The Chinese translation indicates that there was an opinion that regarded the twenty-five rules and the Sūtra on the Rattling Staff as belonging to the same text. At the same time, the translator of the Chinese version also tells us that an independently circulated version of the twenty-five rules enjoyed canonical status.

i.5Between the two lists of twenty-five rules in the Chinese, the list in the appendix is closer to the list in the Tibetan translation. Although significant differences remain, the list in the Chinese appendix and the list in the Tibetan translation follow the same order with just one exception. There is a Dunhuang Tibetan manuscript that contains a portion of The Sūtra on the Rattling Staff and The Rite for the Protocols Associated with Carrying the Ringing Staff. The colophon of this manuscript states that these two Tibetan texts were translated from the Chinese by the chief editor-translator Bandé Chödrup. This information indicates that both texts may have been translated from the relevant portions of De daoti cheng xizhang jing (Taishō 785), with The Rite for the Protocols Associated with Carrying the Ringing Staff most likely based on the list in the Chinese appendix. More research on the available Tibetan textual witnesses is required before we can speak more conclusively about the nature of that dependence and the transmission of the Tibetan text.

i.6Indeed, a different perspective comes from an inventory of early translations compiled by the thirteenth century Tibetan scholar Chomden Rikpai Raltri (bcom ldan rig pa’i ral gri, 1227–1305), who lists the present text and Toh 335, which he calls “the longer and shorter ringing staff sūtras” (’khar sil gyi mdo che chung gnyis) among twenty-one canonical texts translated from Khotanese. This seems to contradict the evidence from the Dunhuang colophon, and may possibly be a reference to alternative translations that have not been preserved. Whatever the case, the general notion that these texts may have evolved in Khotan from earlier material brought from India, before being transmitted to both China and Tibet, seems by no means unlikely.

i.7The list in the Chinese sūtra has an order and a structure of its own, and several of its rules are different in substance from the other two lists. Our translation only records the significant differences between the list in the Chinese appendix and the list in the Tibetan translation by providing the Chinese and its English translation when an item in the Chinese appendix differs in its sense from its Tibetan parallel. The list in the Chinese sūtra is discussed only when it sheds light on the interpretation of the items in the other two lists.

i.8The present translation is based on the Degé Kangyur, with reference to variants in other versions noted in the Comparative Edition (dpe bsdur ma).