Śāriputra

Śāriputra

1.2While the Bodhisattva was dwelling in the Abode of Tuṣita, the King of Aṅga ruled over the lands of Aṅga. Under his rule, the kingdom prospered and thrived, crops were bountiful and the land teemed with animals and people. Meanwhile, King Mahāpadma ruled over the lands of Magadha. Under his rule, the kingdom prospered and thrived, crops were bountiful and the land teemed with animals and people. At times, the King of Aṅga and his armies were dominant. At other times, King Mahāpadma and his armies were dominant.

1.3At a time when the King of Aṅga and his armies were dominant, he called up the four branches of his armed forces‍—the elephant corps, the cavalry, the charioteer corps, and the infantry‍—and laid waste to all of Magadha, save Rājagṛha, before returning.

1.4At a time when King Mahāpadma and his armies were dominant, he too called up the four branches of his armed forces‍—the elephant corps, the cavalry, the charioteer corps, and the infantry‍—and [F.2.b] laid waste to all of Aṅga, save Campā, before returning.

At yet another time when the King of Aṅga and his armies were dominant, he again called up the four branches of his armed forces‍—the elephant corps, the cavalry, the charioteer corps, and the infantry‍—and began again to lay waste to the land of Magadha, prompting the people of Magadha to send a message to King Mahāpadma, saying, “Your Majesty, the King of Aṅga has called up the four branches of his armed forces‍—the elephant corps, the cavalry, the charioteer corps, and the infantry‍—and is laying waste to the lands of Magadha.”

1.5When King Mahāpadma heard this, he too called up the four branches of his armed forces‍—the elephant corps, the cavalry, the charioteer corps, and the infantry‍—and rode out to meet the King of Aṅga in battle.

The King of Aṅga captured King Mahāpadma’s entire elephant corps and proceeded to capture the whole of his cavalry, charioteer corps, and infantry. Defeated and frightened, destroyed and conquered, King Mahāpadma retreated. Entering Rājagṛha, he closed the gates and shut himself up within the walls of his fortress.

1.6The King of Aṅga sent an envoy to King Mahāpadma with the message, “It would be good were you to come out. If you do not surrender, and instead take flight into the sky above, I will fell you with a volley of arrows. Tunnel beneath the earth and I will yank you up as if with a hook. Flee to the mountaintops, and even there you shall find no escape.”

1.7King Mahāpadma was unsettled by the message he heard. Head in hands, he sat and sat, absorbed in thought. Then he said to his ministers, “Gentlemen, this King of Aṅga [F.3.a] is belligerent, ruthless, and his military might is great. If he gives an order, how can we not obey?”

1.8They spoke in verse:

1.9They then implored him, “Your Majesty, any way you look at it, you must go out!”

King Mahāpadma hung his sword from his neck in surrender and went out, where the King of Aṅga imposed an annual tribute and tax upon him.

1.10While the blessed Bodhisattva was dwelling in the Abode of Tuṣita, he saw five sights and thrice gave notice to the six classes of gods who revel in the desire realm. Assuming an elephant’s appearance, he entered his mother’s womb as the earth shook and this world and all others too were bathed in a vast light more luminous than the glow of the gods of the Thirty-Three. So great was this miraculous manifestation, it was as if the sun and moon shone in the gulf between worlds. So great was its strength that darkness everywhere, even the pitch-black darkness of dark places dark from never knowing the light of the sun and moon, was filled with a vast light. Beings born in those places had never even seen so far as their outstretched hands, yet by this light these beings saw one another and exclaimed, “You there! There are others who have been born here! There are others who have been born here!”

1.11At the same time as the blessed Bodhisattva was born, sons were also born to four great kings in four great city-states. In Rājagṛha the son of King Mahāpadma was born. In Śrāvastī the son of King Arāḍa Brahmadatta was born. In Ujjayinī [F.3.b] the son of King Anantanemi was born. In Kauśāmbī the son of King Śatānīka was born.

1.12When the blessed Bodhisattva was born, the entire universe was bathed in a vast light more luminous than the glow of the gods of the Thirty-Three. So great was this miraculous manifestation, it was as if the sun and moon shone in the gulf between worlds. So great was its strength that darkness everywhere, even the pitch-black darkness of dark places dark from never knowing the light of the sun and moon, was filled with a vast light. Beings born in those places had never even seen so far as their outstretched hands, yet by this light these beings saw one another and exclaimed, “You there! There are others who have been born here! There are others who have been born here!”

1.13King Mahāpadma thought, “When my son was born, the world was lit as if by the gold of the rising sun. And as he is the son of Queen Bimbī (Goldie), I shall name this prince Bimbisāra (Essence of Gold).” And so the boy was named Bimbisāra.

King Arāḍa Brahmadatta thought, “When my son was born, the world was lit as if by the light of lights, so I shall name this prince Prasenajit (Supreme Light).” And so the boy was named Prasenajit.

King Śatānīka thought, “When my son was born, the world was lit as if by the rising sun, so I shall name this prince Udayana (Rising).” And so the boy was named Udayana.

King Anantanemi thought, “When my son was born, the world was lit by a brilliant light, so I shall name this prince Pradyota (Brilliant Light).” And so the boy was named Pradyota.

1.14And so each king attributed the light to the birth of his own son. [F.4.a] Though each attributed it to his own son, it was not so. For all that occurred, occurred because of the Bodhisattva.

1.15On the very same day that Prince Bimbisāra was born, five hundred sons of five hundred ministers were also born and were given names appropriate to their patrilineage. [S.2.a]

1.16Prince Bimbisāra was entrusted to eight nursemaids: two to cuddle him, two to breastfeed him, two to change his diapers, and two to play with him. Fortified with milk, curd, butter, ghee, cream, and other nourishing foods, he grew quickly, shooting up like a lotus in a pond. When he was old enough, he was introduced to letters, number names, calculation, counting by hand, expenditures, revenues, and deposits. After he finished letters, he became skilled in exegesis, recitation, knowledge, proper conduct, and the way to assess gems, sites, fabrics, woods, elephants, horses, women, and men.

1.17He trained in and mastered the different fields of arts and skills of anointed kṣatriya kings, or a ruler of the realm endowed with the might and vigor to conquer the wide face of the earth, such as riding on the neck of an elephant, riding horseback, charioteering, swordsmanship, archery, advancing, yielding, wielding a hook, throwing a lasso, casting a spear, and how to hold a weapon, march, tie a topknot, [F.4.b] slash, quarter, pierce, and strike in five ways‍—striking from a distance, striking a target using acoustic location, striking a fatal blow, striking without hesitation, and striking forcefully.

These arts and skills were also mastered by the five hundred sons of the five hundred ministers.

1.18Bimbisāra’s father enrolled him in the eighteen guilds, due to which he was named and became known as Bimbisāra of the Guilds.

1.19Later Prince Bimbisāra set out astride an elephant where he saw the King of Aṅga’s officers collecting tributes and taxes, prompting him to inquire of his men, “Gentlemen, for whom are these tributes and taxes being collected?”

“Your Majesty! For the King of Aṅga.”

1.20“What? Will we be offered tribute?”

“No, Your Majesty, we are the ones to offer the tribute.”

“Gentlemen, summon those officers.”

1.21When the officers were summoned, he said, “Gentlemen, the King of Aṅga is crowned and an anointed kṣatriya king. If I too am crowned and an anointed a kṣatriya king, why is it you are collecting tributes and taxes here? I forbid you to collect tributes and taxes from this day forth.”

1.22“The prince fails to appreciate the situation,” they thought. “Let us go submit the matter to King Mahāpadma.”

1.23They went to King Mahāpadma and said, “Your Majesty, when we officers of the King of Aṅga were collecting tributes and taxes, Prince Bimbisāra stopped us from doing so. Shall we collect them or not?”

“Gentlemen, the prince doesn’t understand the situation. Continue to collect tributes and taxes as you have done before.”

1.24They [F.5.a] had begun their collection again when Prince Bimbisāra spotted them on their way back and said, “Gentlemen, have I not already prohibited you from collecting tributes and taxes? Why are you collecting them again? You are to desist. Fail to desist and I shall close the borders.”

1.25Frightened, they thought, “The prince is dangerous and ruthless. In time he may pose a serious risk to us. We must go warn the King of Aṅga.”

1.26They went before the King of Aṅga and said, “Your Majesty, as officers of the court, we were collecting tributes and taxes on your behalf when King Mahāpadma’s son, Prince Bimbisāra, stopped us. If Your Majesty [S.2.b] ignores the prince’s actions, he may, in time, pose a serious risk to us.”

1.27Then they spoke in verse:

1.28The King of Aṅga sent a letter to King Mahāpadma: “Send Prince Bimbisāra with his sword hung from his neck‍—or prepare your pyre and shroud, for I myself will come!”

1.29King Mahāpadma heard this letter read and was troubled. Head in hands, he sat and sat, absorbed in thought. Then he summoned Prince Bimbisāra and said, “Son, why did you stop the King of Aṅga’s officers from collecting tributes and taxes? They have sent me a letter expressing their anger.”

1.30“Your Majesty, why do we pay tribute and taxes to him?”

“Son, we are tributaries.”

1.31“If the King of Aṅga is an anointed a kṣatriya king and we too [F.5.b] are anointed kṣatriya kings, why do we offer tribute and taxes to him? Give me an army of just four divisions, Your Majesty, and I will meet the King of Aṅga in battle.”

1.32King Mahāpadma then sent a message to the King of Aṅga, saying, “You had best hope all the power, forces, will, and authority you possess do not fail you!”

The King of Aṅga found this message intolerable and commanded his ministers, “Gentlemen, lay waste to those lands! Call up the four branches of the armed forces.”

1.33Having called up the four branches of the armed forces‍—the elephant corps, the cavalry, the charioteer corps, and the infantry‍—they began to lay waste to the land of Magadha. The people of Magadha sent a message to King Mahāpadma, saying, “Your Majesty, the King of Aṅga has called up the four branches of his armed forces‍—the elephant corps, the cavalry, the charioteer corps, and the infantry‍—and is laying waste to the lands of Magadha.”

1.34King Mahāpadma was troubled by this news and, head in hands, sat and sat, absorbed in thought. He summoned Prince Bimbisāra and gave him charge over the four branches of the armed forces. Prince Bimbisāra gathered the five hundred ministers’ sons and said, “Gentlemen, what if I were to meet the King of Aṅga in battle? What would you do?”

1.35“Prince, your struggle shall be our struggle!” they responded.

1.36Then they said in verse:

1.37Prince Bimbisāra said, “Now [F.6.a] you must do all you can to protect me.”

“Whatever Your Majesty’s plight may be, that too shall be ours. Wherever Your Majesty’s foot may fall, there shall we bow our heads.”

1.38The four branches of the armed forces were then called up and they set out from Rājagṛha. When King Mahāpadma, who sat shut up in his upper citadel surrounded by his council, saw them depart, he asked his ministers, “Gentlemen, whose army is this?”

1.39“Your Majesty, it is Prince Bimbisāra’s.”

“Gentlemen! It is awesome to behold!”

Hence, the prince was named and became known as Bimbisāra of the Army. Some knew him as Bimbisāra of the Guilds while some knew him as Bimbisāra of the Army.

1.40Prince Bimbisāra said to the five hundred sons of the ministers, “Gentlemen, this King of Aṅga is belligerent, ruthless, and his military might is great so we cannot meet him in battle. Therefore, we will sneak in, overrun his exposed camp, and kill him while their guard is down and their armor off.”

1.41They overran the King of Aṅga’s exposed camp while their guard was down and their armor off, sneaking up and killing him. The four branches of the King of Aṅga’s armed forces scattered to the four directions. Prince Bimbisāra sent mounted emissaries in the four directions with the message, [S.3.a] “Gentlemen, you are anointed kṣatriya kings, and I too am an anointed kṣatriya king, so return! Gentlemen, I will support you!”

1.42He whom the King of Aṅga left to defend the city of Campā [F.6.b] heard how the King of Aṅga had been killed, prompting him to close the gates and take cover within the walls of the fortress. When at last Prince Bimbisāra reached Campā, the prince fixed the King of Aṅga’s head onto a long pole and displayed it, saying, “It is I who has brought your lord to this state. Come out immediately and I shall look favorably upon you. Fail to appear and you too will soon find yourself in this state.”

1.43It distressed the steward of Campā to hear this, and he thought of this verse:

1.44With that thought he hung his sword from his neck in surrender and came out.

With the King of Aṅga slain, Campā fell into Prince Bimbisāra’s hands, at which point he sent a message to King Mahāpadma, saying, “Your Majesty, I have slain the King of Aṅga and Campā is now in my hands. Your Majesty, tell me what else needs to be done and I shall see to it.”

1.45Pleased, King Mahāpadma sent Prince Bimbisāra a parasol, a turban, and a coronet with the message, “Son, you must take the reins of power there. I, for my part, will assume the reins of power here.”

1.46And so Prince Bimbisāra assumed the reins of power. Under him, the kingdom prospered and thrived, crops were bountiful and the land teemed with animals and people.

1.47Once King Mahāpadma’s time had come, the ministers of Rājagṛha sent a message to King Bimbisāra, saying, “Your Majesty, your father’s time has come.” In a great coronation ceremony, the ministers of Rājagṛha and Magadha granted him sovereignty over the lands of Aṅga and Magadha.

1.48Under King Bimbisāra’s rule, the kingdoms of Aṅga and Magadha prospered and thrived, crops were bountiful and the land teemed with animals and people. He completely pacified conflict, [F.7.a] aggressors, and enemies from without as well as disturbances from within. He rid the land of brigands, thieves, famine, and illness, and brought a wealth of rice, sugar cane, cattle, and buffalo; thus the just Dharma king established a just kingdom.

1.49There was a young brahmin who, desiring and in search of esoteric instruction, left the Middle Country and went to the South, where there was a brahmin to whom the Vedas and the limbs of the Vedas had been entrusted, who had been a teacher to brahmins living in a country to the south.

1.50The young brahmin went to see this teacher of brahmins. Serene, the young brahmin bowed his head calmly and sat off to one side. The brahmin teacher warmly greeted him with words of welcome, and asked, “Young brahmin, where have you come from and what do you desire?”

1.51“I hail from the Middle Country and I seek to serve at the feet of a preceptor.”

“Why?”

“So that I may study the Vedas.”

1.52“Excellent, my son. You should do just that, for that is a brahmin’s duty.”

And so, the young brahmin began to study the Vedas with the teacher of brahmins.

1.53The brahmins’ students were in the habit, when not occupied with their studies, of going to the riverbank to bathe, visiting the city, or collecting wood for use in fire pūjas.

1.54Once, when not occupied with their studies, they went to collect wood for fire pūjas. On the way they had the following conversation. “Sons of Kutsa, sons of Vātsa, sons of Śāṇḍili, sons of Bhāradvāja, sons of the Five, sons of the Further Five. To begin with, let us share where we come from, from which land we hail.”

1.55“I am from the East,” one young brahmin responded. [F.7.b]

“I am from the South,” said another.

1.56“I am from the West.”

“I am from the North.”

1.57The young brahmin then said, “I am from the Middle Country.”

To him they said, [S.3.b] “Sir! We have seen and heard of all those other countries, but have neither seen nor heard of the Middle Country.”

1.58And then they added this verse:

1.59“Young brahmin,” they asked, “what is the Middle Country like?”

“Gentlemen, the Middle Country is the best of all lands, abounding in rice, sugar cane, cattle, and buffalo, thronging with hundreds of honest women and filled with upstanding men, devoid of foreign savages, and guided by learned men. The river Gaṅgā, bountiful, meritorious, auspicious, and clean, flows through this famed land, irrigating both shores. At one point, where sages are known to gather, the river flows through eighteen bends. There, sages seek to bodily rise to the heavens through their practice of austerities.”

1.60“Young brahmin, having met you, we have another question. Do you have men counted as learned in the Middle Country?”

“Gentlemen, from the first did I not say, ‘Gentlemen, the Middle Country is filled with upstanding men, devoid of foreign savages, and guided by learned men’?”

1.61“Young brahmin, you did say that. Young brahmin, are there any in the Middle Country like our preceptor, a bull among teachers?”

“Gentlemen, in the Middle Country, the teachers are such that our teacher could not even look them in the face, so eloquently do they speak, so wise are they.”

1.62On hearing the young brahmin speak so highly of the Middle Country, [F.8.a] they were moved by the desire to visit it. The young brahmins then went off to collect wood for use in fire pūjas. Bearing their loads of wood, they came to the house in which the teacher of brahmins lived. On arriving, they set their loads of wood off to one side, went to him, and said, “Preceptor, please listen. The young brahmin from the Middle Country speaks so highly of it that we are moved by the desire to visit.”

1.63The brahmin said, “Boys, would you visit every place of which you hear? Since you seem to derive so much pleasure from hearing of other countries, I would suggest you not visit those places you hear about.”

1.64“Preceptor, according to this young brahmin, in the Middle Country the teachers are such that you, our teacher, could not even look them in the face, so eloquently do they speak, so wise are they.”

1.65“My sons, do I say I am the one and only teacher on this earth, that there are no other teachers? After all, since the earth contains many gems, its surface is covered with one beauty after another.”

1.66“We will see that country yet, Preceptor, if only for a short while. We will bathe on the banks of the river, we will serve the bull among teachers, we will defeat opponents, we will make a name for ourselves and find our fortune, too. We will go to the Middle Country.”

1.67As the brahmin was attached to his students and his circle of students was small, he said to the young brahmins, “In that case, my sons, let us gather our hides, bast robes, staffs, water jugs, ladles, and bowls and go to the Middle Country.”

1.68Having collected their things, the brahmin set off with the young brahmins for the Middle Country. [F.8.b] Along the way, he defeated an opponent in debate, and then bound him to his chariot. He poured ashes from a pot on another’s head. Another steered clear of him like a crow does an archery range. Another received him with parasols, victory banners, and standards. Another made a pledge to become his student. As he went, he vanquished one opponent after another in villages, cities, towns, marketplaces, and hamlets until he reached Rājagṛha. [S.4.a]

1.69The brahmin thought, “Why bother pulling off the branches, petals, and leaves while leaving the root? Since all worthy opponents and anyone counted as learned will be close to the king, it is the king I shall see.”

1.70With that, the brahmin went to see King Bimbisāra. On arriving, he wished King Bimbisāra success and long life, took a place off to one side, and addressed him: “Your Majesty, from my guru I have received a few teachings. And so I seek to settle a matter in debate with an opponent in Your Majesty’s presence.”

1.71The king asked his ministers, “Gentlemen, are there any opponents in my kingdom capable of settling a matter in debate with this brahmin?”

1.72“Your Majesty, in the village of Nālada there is a brahmin known as Māṭhara who has been entrusted with the Vedas and the limbs of the Vedas. With blazing intelligence, this capable man illuminates his own assertions and smashes those of others. He has put together a work known as Māṭhara’s Treatise.”

1.73“Summon Master Māṭhara.”

“As you wish, Your Majesty.”

1.74Māṭhara received the summons and went to see King Bimbisāra. On arrival, he wished King Bimbisāra success and [F.9.a] long life then took a place off to one side.

The ministers said, “This is the preceptor, Your Majesty.”

1.75The king greeted him with words of welcome and asked, “Preceptor, can you settle a matter in debate in my presence with this brahmin?”

“I, as a capable man, shall do as the king pleases,” replied Māṭhara.

1.76The king ordered the ministers, “Gentlemen, prepare the debate arena and assign the disputants their roles.”

1.77The ministers prepared the debate arena and assigned the disputants their roles. The ministers then prostrated at the king’s feet and asked, “Your Majesty, who would you have defend a position first?”

“This brahmin is a visitor so have him defend a position first.”

1.78Having been assigned to defend a position first, the brahmin proceeded to recite five hundred lines. Māṭhara repeated them and then said, “This position of yours is devoid of logic. It is inconsistent and incoherent.” The brahmin remained silent as Māṭhara pointed out the position’s flaws.

1.79That the brahmin had no confidence to respond was damning and among the reasons he was vanquished. The king asked the ministers, “Gentlemen, who won?”

“Māṭhara, Your Majesty.”

1.80This pleased the king, who straightened up, extended his right arm, and declared, “It is a fine discovery for me to find this bull among teachers in my kingdom!”

1.81He saluted Māṭhara and asked, “Preceptor, where do you live?”

“Your Majesty, in Nālada.”

“Go, and let that village be your victor’s prize.”

1.82Māṭhara was thrilled, delighted, and overjoyed. Surrounded by learned men, he returned to his village. And since the world desires success [F.9.b] and distrusts failure, several brahmins pressed their daughters on him in marriage. Māṭhara then took a wife of equal caste and together they played with, took pleasure in, and amused one another. The wife with whom he had played, taken pleasure, and amused himself gave birth to a son with an extraordinarily long torso. Three weeks or twenty-one days after the birth, relatives came and gathered to celebrate his birth in grand style, during which time they chose a name for the boy. The relatives said, “Since this boy has an extraordinarily long torso, he should be named Koṣṭhila (Long Torso).”

1.83The young brahmin was entrusted to eight nursemaids: two to cuddle him, two to breastfeed him, two to change his diapers, and two to play with him. Fortified with milk, curd, butter, ghee, cream, and other nourishing foods, he grew quickly, shooting up like a lotus in a pond. When he was old enough, he was introduced to letters, number names, calculation, counting by hand, how to exclude, to add, and to leave, and to parse until he had mastered reciting. Then, he was instructed in the ways of brahmins: their conduct, ritual purity, and observances; the handling of ashes, the handling of ritual vases, and the handling of sites; hand gestures, turbans, offering praise, and salutations; the Ṛgveda, the Yajurveda, the Sāmaveda, and the Atharvaveda; and a brahmin’s six duties‍—making fire sacrifices, officiating over fire sacrifices, studying, teaching, giving, and receiving. The Vedas the limbs of the Vedas were entrusted to him, and with his blazing intelligence he could illuminate his own assertions [F.10.a] and vanquish those of others.

1.84The wife with whom Māṭhara had played, taken pleasure, and amused himself again gave birth, this time to a girl with eyes like a śārī bird. Three weeks or twenty-one days after the birth, relatives came and gathered to celebrate her birth in grand style, during which time they chose a name for the girl. The relatives said, “Since this girl has eyes like a śārī, this girl should be given the name Śārikā.” [S.4.b] The girl Śārikā was nurtured and grew. Her father taught her how to combine letters into words so she became proficient in reciting.

1.85Later, when the young brahmin Koṣṭhila was debating Śārikā, Śārikā vanquished him and their father said to Koṣṭhila, “Son, if you are a male, how has a female vanquished you? Once I’m gone, the spoils I’ve won in debate will be taken away.”

At that the young brahmin Koṣṭhila, desiring and in search of esoteric instruction, set off from the Middle Country for the South.

1.86There, in a country not his own, lived a brahmin named Tiṣya who was learned in Lokāyata philosophy, a teacher of brahmins to whom the Vedas and the limbs of the Vedas were entrusted.

1.87Koṣṭhila went to see the brahmin Tiṣya. Serene, the young brahmin Koṣṭhila bowed at Tiṣya’s feet and sat off to one side.

1.88Tiṣya warmly greeted Koṣṭhila with words of welcome, asking, “Young brahmin, where have you come from and what do you desire?”

“I hail from the Middle Country and I seek to serve at the feet of the preceptor.”

1.89“Why?”

“So that I may uphold the Lokāyata philosophy.”

1.90“Excellent, my son. You should do just that, for that is a brahmin’s duty.”

And so, the young brahmin Koṣṭhila began to study Lokāyata philosophy in the presence of the brahmin Tiṣya. [F.10.b] The brahmins’ students were in the habit, when not occupied with their studies, of going to the riverbank to bathe, visiting the city, or collecting wood for use in fire pūjas.

1.91Once, when not occupied with their studies, they went to collect wood for fire pūjas. On the way they had the following conversation. “Sons of Kutsa, sons of Vātsa, sons of Śāṇḍili, sons of Bhāradvāja, sons of the Five, sons of the Further Five. To begin with, let us share where we come from, from which land we hail.”

1.92“I am from the East,” one young brahmin responded.

“I am from the South,” said another.

1.93“I am from the West.”

“I am from the North.”

1.94The young brahmin then said, “I am from the Middle Country.”

To him they said, “Sir! We have seen and heard of all those other countries, but have neither seen nor heard of the Middle Country.”

1.95And then they added this verse:

1.96“Young brahmin,” they asked, “what is the Middle Country like?”

“Gentlemen, the Middle Country is the best of all lands, abounding in rice, sugar cane, cattle, and buffalo, thronging with hundreds of honest women and filled with upstanding men, devoid of foreign savages, and guided by learned men. The river Gaṅgā, bountiful, meritorious, auspicious, and clean, flows through this famed land, irrigating both shores. At one point, where sages are known to gather, the river flows through eighteen bends. There, sages seek to bodily rise to the heavens through their practice of austerities.”

1.97“Young brahmin, [F.11.a] having met you, we have another question. Do you have men counted as learned in the Middle Country?”

“Gentlemen, from the first did I not say, ‘Gentlemen, the Middle Country is filled with upstanding men, devoid of foreign savages, and guided by learned men’?”

1.98“Young brahmin, you did say that. Young brahmin, are there any in the Middle Country like our preceptor, a bull among teachers?”

“Gentlemen, in the Middle Country, the teachers are such that our teacher could not even look them in the face, so eloquently do they speak, so wise are they.”

1.99On hearing the young brahmin speak so highly of the Middle Country, they were moved by the desire to visit it. The young brahmins then went off to collect wood for use in fire pūjas. Bearing their loads of wood, they came to the house in which the teacher of brahmins lived. On arriving, they set their loads of wood off to one side, went to him, and said, “Preceptor, please listen. The young brahmin from the Middle Country speaks so highly of it that we are moved by the desire to visit.”

1.100The brahmin Tiṣya said, “Boys, would you visit every place of which you hear? Since you seem to derive so much pleasure from hearing of other countries, I would suggest you not visit those places you hear about.”

1.101“Preceptor, according to this young brahmin, in the Middle Country the teachers are such that you, our teacher, could not even look them in the face, so eloquently do they speak, so wise are they.”

1.102“My sons, do I say I am the one and only teacher on this earth, that there are no other teachers? After all, since the earth contains many gems, its surface is covered with one beauty after another.” [F.11.b]

1.103“We will see that country yet, Preceptor, if only for a short while. We will bathe on the banks of the river, we will serve the bull among teachers, we will defeat opponents, and we will make a name for ourselves and find our fortune, too. We will go to the Middle Country.”

1.104As the brahmin was attached to his students and his circle of students was small, he said to the young brahmins, “In that case, my sons, let us gather our hides, bast robes, staffs, water jugs, ladles, and bowls and go to the Middle Country.”

1.105Having collected their things, the brahmin set off with the young brahmins for the Middle Country. Along the way, he defeated an opponent in debate, and then bound him to his chariot. He poured ashes from a pot on another’s head. Another steered clear of him like a crow does an archery range. Another received him with parasols, victory banners, and standards. Another made a pledge to become his student. As he went, he vanquished one opponent after another in villages, cities, towns, marketplaces, and hamlets until he reached Rājagṛha.

1.106The brahmin Tiṣya thought, “Why bother pulling off the branches, petals, and leaves while leaving the root? Since all worthy opponents and anyone counted as learned will be close to the king, it is the king I shall see.” [S.5.a.6]

1.107In time the brahmin Tiṣya went to see King Bimbisāra. On arriving, he wished the king success and long life, took a place off to one side, and addressed him: “Your Majesty, from my guru I have received a few teachings. And so [F.12.a] I seek to settle a matter in debate with an opponent in Your Majesty’s presence.”

1.108The king asked the ministers, “Gentlemen, where is Preceptor Māṭhara?”

“In Nālada, Your Majesty.”

1.109“Summon Preceptor Māṭhara.”

“As you wish, Your Majesty.”

1.110On receiving the summons, Māṭhara went to see King Bimbisāra. On arrival, he wished the king success and long life then took a place off to one side.

The ministers said, “This is the preceptor, Your Majesty.”

1.111The king greeted him with words of welcome and asked, “Preceptor, can you settle a matter in debate in my presence with this brahmin Tiṣya?”

“I, as a capable man, shall do as the king pleases,” replied Māṭhara.

1.112The king ordered the ministers, “Gentlemen, prepare the debate arena and assign the disputants their roles.”

The ministers prepared the debate arena and assigned the disputants their roles. The ministers then prostrated at the king’s feet and asked, “Your Majesty, who would you have defend a position first?”

“The brahmin Tiṣya is a visitor so have him defend a position first.”

1.113“Your Majesty,” said he brahmin Tiṣya, “as the brahmin Māṭhara is the elder, I ask that you have him defend a position first.”

The brahmin Māṭhara thought, “This brahmin Tiṣya is clearly acquainted with new treatises so I cannot debate him on them. I shall focus on an old text.” And with that he recited five hundred lines.

1.114The brahmin Tiṣya repeated them and [S.5.b] then declared, “This position of yours is devoid of logic. It is inconsistent and incoherent.” The other brahmin remained silent as Tiṣya pointed out the text’s flaws. [F.12.b]

1.115That Māṭhara had no confidence to respond was damning and among the reasons he was vanquished. The king asked the ministers, “Gentlemen, who won?”

“The brahmin Tiṣya, Your Majesty.”

“Gentlemen, give the brahmin Tiṣya a victor’s prize.”

1.116“Your Majesty,” they replied, “if you give a prize to everyone who wins a debate, before long your lands of Aṅga and Magadha will themselves be victors’ prizes. Therefore make the village of Nālada the standard victor’s prize. Take it from the brahmin Māṭhara and give it to this brahmin. And if any other should best Tiṣya, then award it to the victor.”

1.117“Gentlemen,” said the king, “that is what I shall do.”

The village was then taken from the brahmin Māṭhara and given to the brahmin Tiṣya. The brahmin Māṭhara thought, “Though I have done much for this king, he has not taken care of me. I shall go elsewhere.”

1.118He said to his wife, “Noble lady, though I have done much for this king, he has not taken care of me. I shall go elsewhere. So pack up our household.”

1.119With that they began packing up their household. When their relatives heard that the master Preceptor was leaving, they went to see him and asked, “Preceptor, why are you packing up your household?”

1.120“Gentlemen, though I have done much for this king, he has not taken care of me. Therefore, I shall go elsewhere.”

“Preceptor, do not leave for other parts. Remain for a while, at your leisure, in the home of your relatives.”

1.121Māṭhara replied in verse:

1.122When the brahmin Tiṣya heard that the preceptor Māṭhara was to leave, he went to him and said, “I have come only for a short time and before long am certain to go. Let this remain your victor’s prize. Do not leave, you must stay.”

1.123Māṭhara replied, “I intend to leave, young brahmin.”

“Preceptor, if that is how you feel, you should keep half of this village and I shall keep claim to the other half.”

1.124Māṭhara thought, “Though I have done much for this king, he has not taken care of me. Yet out of consideration for me, this brahmin Tiṣya has offered to share our prize‍—a most beneficial arrangement. I will give Śārikā to him as a wife.”

1.125Māṭhara then said to his wife, “Noble lady, though I have done much for this king, he has not taken care of me. Yet out of consideration for me, this brahmin Tiṣya has offered to share our prize‍—a most beneficial arrangement. I shall give Śārikā to him as a wife. Call our son, Koṣṭhila.”

1.126His parents summoned Koṣṭhila and said, “Son, though we have done much for this king, he has not taken care of us. Yet, out of consideration for me, this brahmin Tiṣya has offered to share our prize‍—a most beneficial arrangement. I shall give Śārikā to him as a wife.”

1.127Koṣṭhila replied, “Father! Mother! How could I accept this enemy into our family? Hasn’t he robbed us of our livelihood? Anyone else in our position would try to take his life. If he has robbed us so, why would you give Śārikā to him in marriage?”

1.128His parents [F.13.b] said, “Fool! What do you know?” Ignoring what he said, they gave Śārikā to the brahmin Tiṣya as a wife. In a lavish ceremony, Tiṣya took Śārikā as his bride.

1.129The young brahmin Koṣṭhila thought, “This insult is all due to my lack of learning.” He thought, “What does the brahmin Tiṣya know? He knows Lokāyata philosophy.”

1.130He asked around, “Gentlemen, where is the Lokāyata philosophy known?”

“In the South,” he was told.

1.131He set out into the realm, for the South,to learn Lokāyata philosophy. On arrival, he inquired, “Gentlemen, who knows the Lokāyata philosophy?”

“The wandering mendicants.”

1.132He went to them and said, “I seek to serve you, gentlemen.”

“Why?”

“So that I may grasp the Lokāyata philosophy.”

1.133“We do not teach Lokāyata philosophy to householders.”

“In that case, I shall go forth.”

1.134After they allowed his going forth, he said, [S.6.a] “So long as I uphold the Lokāyata philosophy, I will not cut my fingernails.” So he let his fingernails grow extraordinarily long and for this he became known as the wandering mendicant Dīrghanakha (He Who Has Long Fingernails).

1.135When Śārikā challenged her husband Tiṣya, he vanquished her. Later, as Tiṣya and Śārikā played with, took pleasure in, and amused one another, a sentient being in search of his final rebirth, who had grasped the essence of liberation, who had turned to nirvāṇa and away from saṃsāra, who had seen that all births end in death, who did not seek to be reborn, and who was to take his last body, died and passed from the lofty heights of a god and entered Śārikā’s womb.

1.136Śārikā dreamed that a man carrying a torch [F.14.a] rent and entered her belly. She climbed to a mountain peak. She moved through the sky above. An assembly of great men prostrated to her. She then told Tiṣya about her dream. Though Tiṣya was expert at interpreting dreams and omens, he consulted other brahmins who interpreted them. “What does it portend,” he asked, “if my brahmin wife has had such a dream?”

1.137They replied, “Preceptor, that is an excellent portent. Her statement, ‘A man carrying a torch rent and entered my belly,’ indicates a son will be born. It portends that, after twice eight years, he will have studied the Aindra school of grammar and will vanquish all opponents. She said, ‘I climbed to a mountain peak. I moved through the sky above. An assembly of great men prostrated to me.’ These statements indicate her son will go forth and become a great saint who perfects his vow.”

1.138The next time Tiṣya and Śārikā engaged in debate, Śārikā vanquished him, making him wonder, “If I have vanquished her in the past, what now has allowed her to vanquish me?”

He thought, “It is because of the being who has entered her womb.”

1.139After eight or nine months, a boy was born, well proportioned, pleasing to the eye, handsome, radiant, with a golden complexion, a head shaped well like a parasol, long arms, a broad forehead, eyebrows that met, and a prominent nose.

After his birth, Śārikā said to Tiṣya, “If we present this brahmin boy to his grandfather, he will give him a name.”

1.140They took him to his grandfather Māṭhara, who [F.14.b] thought about what he should name the baby boy. “This brahmin boy is the son of the brahmin Tiṣya so I shall name this brahmin boy Upatiṣya.” And with that he named him Upatiṣya (Tiṣya’s Heir).

1.141Tiṣya said, “His grandfather thought of a name for this brahmin boy and chose Upatiṣya.”

He thought, “His grandfather has named this brahmin boy after his father so I shall name him after his mother. Since this brahmin boy is the son of his mother Śārikā, I shall name him Śāriputra.” And with that he was named Śāriputra (Śārikā’s Son).

1.142It was thus that the young brahmin was known to some as Śāriputra, while to others he was known as Upatiṣya.

1.143Upatiṣya was entrusted to eight nursemaids: two to cuddle him, two to breastfeed him, two to change his diapers, and two to play with him. Fortified with milk, curd, butter, ghee, cream, [S.6.b] and other nourishing foods, he grew quickly, shooting up like a lotus in a pond. When he was old enough, he was introduced to letters, number names, calculation, counting by hand, and how to exclude, to add, to leave, and to parse until he had mastered reciting. He was then instructed in the ways of brahmins: their conduct, ritual purity, and observances; the handling of ashes, the handling of ritual vases, and the handling of sites; hand gestures, turbans, offering praise, and salutations; the Ṛgveda, the Yajurveda, the Sāmaveda, and the Atharvaveda; and a brahmin’s six duties‍—making fire sacrifices, officiating over fire sacrifices, studying, teaching, [F.15.a] giving, and receiving. The Vedas and the limbs of the Vedas were entrusted to him, and with his blazing intelligence he could illuminate his own assertions and vanquish those of others.

1.144His father made him study all fields of knowledge, and thus by the age of sixteen he had studied the Aindra school of grammar and could vanquish all opponents.

1.145At another time when he was reciting the Vedas with his father, he asked, “Father, what is the meaning of this statement?”

“Son, even I do not know the meaning of this statement. But these sacred mantra have been recited with praise, sung, and furnished by past sages. Nowadays brahmins simply recite and repeat them.”

1.146“Father, do you think there is no meaning to these sacred mantra, which have been recited with praise, sung, and furnished by past sages, but nowadays are simply recited and repeated by brahmins? This is what such statements mean,” and he proceeded to explain.

1.147Tiṣya was delighted and in his delight thought, “This is what a son should do: he should carry on his father’s tradition or develop his insight even further. Were he to accomplish only this, this brahmin boy’s insight would surpass my own.”

1.148He shared this insight with the five hundred young brahmins he was teaching to recite brahmanic mantras and they too were delighted and happily turned to Upatiṣya. When the young brahmin Upatiṣya taught the five hundred young brahmins to recite brahmanic mantras, he summarized the longer Vedas, abridging their words and phrases, and expanded on the shorter Vedas, explaining their meaning and etymologies. [B2]

1.149In the village of Kāṣṭhavāṭa, there lived a royal priest [F.15.b] named Potalaka who was wealthy with many riches and goods, with holdings both vast and extensive, with riches to rival Vaiśravaṇa. He took a wife of equal caste and with her played, took pleasure, and amused himself. After their play, lovemaking, and the indulgence of all their desires resulted in no child, male or female, the childless couple, badly wanting a child, propitiated Śiva, Varuṇa, Kubera, Śakra, Brahmā, and others. Among the different gods were gods of park shrines, gods of the forest, gods of crossroads, gods of intersections, gods who take votive offerings, birth totem gods, gods who adhere to the Dharma, and gods who always shadow you.

1.150There is a saying, “Boys and girls are born in the world because they are prayed for.” But that is not so, for if it were, then each and every man would have a thousand sons, as do the kings of the world. Rather, boys and girls are born when three circumstances are present. What are those three? The mother and father feel desire and couple; it is the right time and the mother is ovulating; and a gandharva is near and wants to be reborn. And so it is that boys and girls are born when those three circumstances are present.

1.151As Potalaka sat engrossed in prayer, a being in search of his final rebirth, who had grasped the essence of liberation, who had turned to nirvāṇa and away from saṃsāra, who had seen that all births end in death, who did not seek to be reborn, and who was to take his last body, died and passed from the lofty heights of a god and entered his wife’s womb.

1.152Certain women, endowed with natural intelligence, have five unique qualities. What are the five? [F.16.a] They know when a man feels desire and when he does not; they know when the time comes and when they are ovulating; they know when they have conceived; they know whence the conceived child came; and they know whether it is a boy or a girl. If it is a boy, he lies with his head to the right side of the womb. If it is a girl, she lies with her head to the left side of the womb.

1.153Delighted, Potalaka’s wife joyfully told her husband, “Son of a lord! I am with child! And as it lies with its head to the right side of my womb, it is sure to be a boy, so pray be happy!”

1.154Potalaka too was delighted. He sat straight up, raised his right hand, and exclaimed with great joy, “At last, I shall look on the face of the son I have wanted for so long! May we get along and not disagree. May he carry on my work and, having been nurtured, nurture in return. May he enjoy his inheritance and ensure that my line lasts long. When our time comes and we die, may he make the appropriate offerings, neither too few nor too many. And may he dedicate the merit he thus accrues to us by name, saying, ‘May this merit follow the two of them wherever they be born, wherever they go.’ ”

1.155Knowing she was with child, to ensure she carried the child to term he installed his wife on the top story of their mansion where he saw that she was tended to and did not come to harm. When it was cold, she was given what she needed for the cold. When it was hot, she was given what she needed for the heat. On the doctor’s advice, her food was not to be too bitter, too sour, too salty, too sweet, too spicy, or too astringent; and so she was given food that was not bitter, sour, salty, sweet, spicy, or astringent. Her body was festooned in garlands, necklaces, and jewelry, like a goddess at play in a garden. [F.16.b] She moved from bed to throne, from pedestal to pedestal, the soles of her feet never touching the floor, and she never heard anything even slightly unpleasant. [S.7.a]

1.156After eight or nine months had passed, a boy was born, well proportioned, pleasing to the eye, handsome, radiant, with a golden complexion, a head shaped well like a parasol, long arms, a broad forehead, eyebrows that met, and a prominent nose. Three weeks or twenty-one days after the birth, relatives came and gathered to celebrate his birth in grand style, during which time they chose a name for the boy. As this boy had come to them from the lap of the gods, they thought the young brahmin should be named Kolita (Born from the Lap), and so he was named Kolita.

1.157Also, because he was a descendent of Mudgala, they thought the young brahmin should be named Maudgalyāyana (Son of Mudgala’s descendants), and so he was named Maudgalyāyana.

1.158Thus it was that some knew the young brahmin as Maudgalyāyana while others knew him as Kolita.

1.159The young brahmin Kolita was entrusted to eight nursemaids: two to cuddle him, two to breastfeed him, two to change his diapers, and two to play with him. Fortified with milk, curd, butter, ghee, cream, and other nourishing foods, he grew quickly, shooting up like a lotus in a pond. When he was old enough, he was introduced to letters, number names, calculation, counting by hand, and how to exclude, to add, to leave, and to parse. Once he had finished letters, he was instructed in the ways of brahmins: their conduct, ritual purity, and observances; [F.17.a] the handling of ashes, the handling of ritual vases, and the handling of sites; hand gestures, turbans, offering praise, and salutations; the Ṛgveda, the Yajurveda, the Sāmaveda, and the Atharvaveda; and a brahmin’s six duties‍—making fire sacrifices, officiating over fire sacrifices, studying, teaching, giving, and receiving. He mastered and became learned in the Vedas and all branches of Vedic knowledge. The Vedas and the limbs of the Vedas were entrusted to him, and with his blazing intelligence, he could illuminate his own assertions and vanquish those of others.

1.160His father made him study all fields of knowledge. Once, when he was reciting the Vedas with his father, he asked, “Father, what does this statement mean?”

“Son, even I don’t know the meaning of this statement. Sages of the past recited with praise, sung, and furnished these sacred mantra, but nowadays brahmins simply recite and repeat them.”

1.161“Father, do you think there is no meaning to these sacred mantra, which have been recited with praise, sung, and furnished by past sages, but nowadays are simply recited and repeated by brahmins? This is what such statements mean,” and he proceeded to explain.

1.162Potalaka was delighted and in his delight thought, “This is what a son should do: he should carry on his father’s tradition or develop his insight even further. Were he to accomplish only that, this brahmin boy’s insight would surpass my own.”

1.163Potalaka shared this insight with the five hundred young brahmins he was teaching to recite brahmanic mantras and they too were delighted and happily turned to Maudgalyāyana. The young brahmin Maudgalyāyana then taught the five hundred young brahmins to recite the brahmanic mantras.

1.164The five hundred young brahmins were in the habit, [F.17.b] when not occupied with their studies, of going to the riverbank to bathe, visiting the city, or collecting wood for use in fire pūjas.

1.165Once, when not occupied with their studies, the students of the young brahmin Upatiṣya walked, reciting mantras on their way to the city. Meanwhile, trailing behind, the students of the young brahmin Maudgalyāyana walked, reciting mantras on their way to the city. When the students of the young brahmin Maudgalyāyana heard the students of the young brahmin Upatiṣya reciting the sacred mantra, they asked, “Why do you recite the sacred mantra in such a debased way?”

1.166“How should they be recited?”

“The sacred mantra should be recited as we do.”

1.167“From whom did you learn these sacred mantra?”

“Not to know him is not to know the sun or the moon. In the village of Nālada lives the brahmin Tiṣya. We have learned them from his son, the young brahmin Upatiṣya. And from whom did you learn these sacred mantra?”

1.168“Not to know him is not to know the sun or the moon. In the village of Kāṣṭhavāṭa, there lives a royal priest named Potalaka. We have learned them from his son, the young brahmin Kolita.”

1.169With that, the young brahmin students of Upatiṣya became dispirited, upset, and daunted. They went to Upatiṣya, who saw them off in the distance and asked, “What troubles you, young brahmins? Your preceptor is never wrong.”

1.170Then he spoke in verse: [F.18.a]

1.171“Young brahmins, clearly something troubles you.”

After they explained the situation at length, Upatiṣya said, “Young brahmins, allow me to explain. Although the sacred mantra should be recited in the manner those young brahmins recite them, I have summarized the longer Vedas, abridging their words and phrases, and expanded on the shorter Vedas, explaining their meaning and etymologies.”

1.172The students of Kolita had also become dispirited, upset, and daunted. They went to Kolita, who too, on seeing them off in the distance, asked, “What troubles you, young brahmins? Your preceptor is never wrong.”

1.173He too then spoke the verse:

1.174“Young brahmins, clearly something troubles you.” [S.7.b]

After they explained the situation at length, he said, “Young brahmins, allow me to explain. Although the sacred mantra should be recited in the manner we have recited them, that young brahmin Upatiṣya is wise for he has he summarized the longer Vedas, abridging their words and phrases, and expanded on the shorter Vedas, explaining their meaning and etymologies.”

1.175On hearing of the other, both Kolita and Upatiṣya formed a singular desire to meet the other. Upatiṣya went to his father and said, “Father, I [F.18.b] wish to visit the village of Kāṣṭhavāṭa, for there lives a royal priest named Potalaka whose son is called Kolita. I shall go to see him.”

1.176“Son, is he wiser than you?”

“Father, he is not wiser than I. It is rather that he is wealthier.”

1.177His father replied:

1.178“Son, if he should come here you should share your learning but you mustn’t go to him.”

1.179Kolita also went to his father and said, “Father, I wish to visit the village of Nālada, for there lives a brahmin Tiṣya whose son is called Upatiṣya. I shall go to see him.”

1.180“Son, is he wealthier than you?”

“Father, he is not wealthier than I. It is rather that he is wiser.”

1.181His father replied:

1.182“Son, if he should come here you should share your riches but you mustn’t go to him.”

1.183Some time later, in Rājagṛha, the feast day of the nāga kings Giri and Valguka approached. As the day neared, King Bimbisāra wondered whether he should join in the festivities himself, as was his wont, or send Prince Ajātaśatru in his stead.

1.184A short time later, a small task came up, prompting King Bimbisāra to say to Prince Ajātaśatru, “Son, go and join in the festivities for the nāga kings Giri and Valguka.”

1.185When the brahmin Potalaka heard that King Bimbisāra [F.19.a] had sent Prince Ajātaśatru to join in the festivities for the nāga kings Giri and Valguka, he thought, “Prince Ajātaśatru will become king once his father dies and Kolita will become royal priest when I die. Thus their acquaintance will in time bear fruit.”

1.186He said to Kolita, “Son, go join the festivities for the nāga kings Giri and Valguka. There, they will have arranged four seats, one for the king, one for the royal priest, one for the challenger, and one for the reigning champion. Leave the king’s seat be, and take your place in the royal priest’s seat.”

On arriving, he left the king’s seat be and sat on the royal priest’s seat.

1.187When the brahmin Tiṣya heard that King Bimbisāra had sent Prince Ajātaśatru to join in the festivities for the nāga kings Giri and Valguka, he too said to Upatiṣya, “Son, go join the festivities for the nāga kings Giri and Valguka. There, they will have arranged four seats, one for the king, one for the royal priest, one for the challenger, and one for the reigning champion. Leave the king’s seat and the royal priest’s seat be, but place a small stick and vase on the reigning champion’s seat before sitting down on the challenger’s seat. From the time the sun rises to the time it sets, there shall be no challenger to equal you.”

1.188When Upatiṣya arrived, he passed the king’s and the royal priest’s seats, placed a small stick and vase on the seat for the reigning champion, and sat down on the challenger’s seat. When the music began, the dancers sang in Toṭaka meter. The people began to dance [F.19.b] and sing, while the two young brahmins sat in repose. When the great crowd of people saw this, they exclaimed, “Either those two young brahmins are fools or they’re unflappable!”

1.189As the music wound down and the people went off dancing and singing, Kolita asked Upatiṣya, “Did it seem to you that the dances were well danced, the songs well sung, and the music well played?”

Upatiṣya replied, “It seemed so to those who saw and heard them.”

1.190“If it is true that those who withdraw into repose do not see, how then do they not hear?” asked Kolita.

1.191Upatiṣya replied in verse:

1.192Kolita asked, “Are you Upatiṣya?”

“People know me thus.”

“And you?” Upatiṣya asked Kolita. “Did it seem to you that the dances were well danced, the songs well sung, and the music well played?” [S.8.a.5]

1.193“It seemed so to those who saw and heard them.”

“If it is true that those who withdraw into repose do not see, how then do they not hear?”

1.194Kolita replied in verse:

1.195Upatiṣya asked, “Are you Kolita?”

“People know me thus.”

Upatiṣya said to Kolita, “Come. Let us go forth from home into homelessness so that we may rely solely on what is correct.”

1.196“Young brahmin,” replied Kolita, [F.20.a] “the royal priesthood, for which I have made offerings to the gods, performed fire pūja, and suffered through austerities, is within reach. Having been born into a caste borne about by elephants, why would I renounce it?”

1.197Upatiṣya recited a verse:

1.198He enjoined Kolita again, “Come. Let us go forth from home into homelessness so that we may rely solely on what is correct.”

“I must first consult my parents,” replied Kolita.

The young brahmin Kolita went to his parents and said, “Father, Mother, please listen. As I have faith in only what is perfect, I shall go forth from home into homelessness.”

1.199“Son, the royal priesthood, for which you have made offerings to the gods, performed fire pūja, and suffered through austerities, is within reach. Having been born into a caste borne about by elephants, why would you renounce it?”

1.200Kolita spoke in verse:

1.201His parents replied, “Son, you are our only boy, beloved, handsome, patient, and agreeable to the eye. Even if you were to die, we would fight to keep you with us. [S.8.b] Why, then, do you think we’d let you go while you’re still alive?”

1.202“Father, Mother, it is best you let me go. For if you do not, from this day forth, I shall neither eat your food nor honor you.”

“Dear boy, we will not let you leave. So long as we live, you will remain within sight. Do not think of disobeying!” [F.20.b]

1.203Kolita refused food for one day, then for a second, and for a third until the sixth day. At that point Kolita’s parents went to him and said, “Dear boy, please listen. You are very young and have lived a life of leisure, and you do not know what it is to suffer. It is hard to live the holy life. It is hard to live in solitude. It is hard to be happy all on your own. It is hard to make your bed in distant forests, at the foot of mountains, and in remote places. Living alone in the wilderness is very trying. You will have to spend the rest of your life living among wild animals. You will have to spend the rest of your life living on others’ handouts. You will have to spend the rest of your life away from human pleasures. You will have to spend the rest of your life away from the fun and games of ordinary people. Dear boy! Kolita! Come home. There is pleasure to be had while living here, too. Here, too, you may give generously. Here, too, you may act meritoriously.”

1.204Despite their pleading, Kolita remained silent. Kolita’s parents again entreated him, a second and a third time, saying each time, “Dear boy, please listen. You are very young and have lived a life of leisure, and you do not know what it is to suffer. It is hard to live the holy life. It is hard to live in solitude. It is hard to be happy all on your own. It is hard to make your bed in distant forests, at the foot of mountains, and in remote places. Living alone in the wilderness is very trying. [F.21.a] You will have to spend the rest of your life living among wild animals. You will have to spend the rest of your life living on others’ handouts. You will have to spend the rest of your life away from human pleasures. You will have to spend the rest of your life away from the fun and games of ordinary people. Dear boy! Kolita! Come home. There is pleasure to be had while living here, too. Here, too, you may give generously. Here, too, you may act meritoriously.”

1.205Yet though they thus entreated him a second and a third time, Kolita remained silent.

Kolita’s parents then enjoined his relatives, “Family! Come! Talk sense into our dear boy Kolita.”

1.206At this, Kolita’s relatives went to him and said, “Dear boy, please listen. You are very young and have lived a life of leisure and don’t know what it is to suffer. It is hard to live the holy life. It is hard to live in solitude. It is hard to be happy all on your own. It is hard to make your bed in distant forests, at the foot of mountains, and in remote places. Living alone in the wilderness is very trying. You will have to spend the rest of your life living among wild animals. You will have to spend the rest of your life living on others’ handouts. You will have to spend the rest of your life away from human pleasures. You will have to spend the rest of your life away from the fun and games of ordinary people. Dear boy, Kolita, come home! Among your relatives, [F.21.b] there is pleasure to be had while living there too. There too you may give generously. There too you may act meritoriously.”

1.207Despite their pleading, Kolita did not say a thing. Kolita’s relatives again entreated him, a second and a third time, saying each time, “Dear boy, please listen. You are very young and have lived a life of leisure, and you do not know what it is to suffer. It is hard to live the holy life. It is hard to live in solitude. It is hard to be happy all on your own. It is hard to make your bed in distant forests, at the foot of mountains, and in remote places. Living alone in the wilderness is very trying. You will have to spend the rest of your life living among wild animals. You will have to spend the rest of your life living on others’ handouts. You will have to spend the rest of your life away from human pleasures. You will have to spend the rest of your life away from the fun and games of ordinary people. Dear boy! Kolita! Come home. Among your relatives, there is pleasure to be had while living there, too. There, too, you may give generously. There, too, you may act meritoriously.”

1.208Yet though they thus pleaded with him a second time and a third time, Kolita still remained silent.

Kolita’s parents then enjoined his childhood friends, “You must come! Talk sense into our dear boy Kolita.”

1.209At this, the young brahmin Kolita’s childhood friends went to him and said, “Dear boy, listen. You are very young and have lived a life of leisure and do not know what it is to suffer. [F.22.a] It is hard to live the holy life. It is hard to live in solitude. It is hard to be happy all on your own. It is hard to make your bed in distant forests, at the foot of mountains, and in remote places. Living alone in the wilderness is very trying. You will have to spend the rest of your life living among wild animals. You will have to spend the rest of your life living on others’ handouts. You will have to spend the rest of your life away from human pleasures. You will have to spend the rest of your life away from the fun and games of ordinary people. Dear boy! Kolita! Come home. There is also pleasure to be had while living among your relatives. There too you may give generously. There too you may act meritoriously.”

1.210Yet though they thus entreated him, Kolita remained silent. His childhood friends again entreated Kolita a second and a third time, saying each time, “Dear boy, please listen. You are very young and have lived a life of leisure, and you do not know what it is to suffer. It is hard to live the holy life. It is hard to live in solitude. It is hard to be happy all on your own. It is hard to make your bed in distant forests, at the foot of mountains, and in remote places. Living alone in the wilderness is very trying. You will have to spend the rest of your life living among wild animals. You will have to spend the rest of your life living on others’ handouts. You will have to spend the rest of your life away from human pleasures. You will have to spend the rest of your life away from the fun and games of ordinary people. Dear boy! [F.22.b] Kolita! Come home. Among your relatives, there is pleasure to be had while living there, too. There, too, you may give generously. There, too, you may act meritoriously.”

1.211Yet though they thus entreated him a second and a third time, Kolita still remained silent. Kolita’s childhood friends then went to his parents and said, “Father, Mother, please listen. What good can come from the death of the serene youth Kolita? The wise have praised going forth, so if going forth makes him happy, then at least you will see him alive. If he isn’t happy, he can always give up the life of a sage. And since he will have no home but yours, it is better that you let him go forth.”

1.212Kolita’s parents then asked Kolita, “Dear boy, Kolita, [S.9.a] do you think it better to go forth than to remain at home?”

“Father, Mother, it is not good for me to live at home. It is good for me to go forth.”

1.213“Well then, dear boy, Kolita, know that the time for such a change has come.”

Having obtained his parents’ consent, the young brahmin Kolita slowly regained his strength, vigor, and determination by drinking rice gruel. He left the village of Kāṣṭhavāṭa and set out for the village of Nālada.

1.214As the young brahmin Upatiṣya enjoyed solitude, he had gone to live in the forest, where he gave instruction to five hundred young brahmins in the reciting of mantras. In time, the young brahmin Kolita reached the village of Nālada and asked Upatiṣya’s parents, [F.23.a] “Father, Mother, where is Upatiṣya?”

1.215They replied, “Upatiṣya enjoys solitude so he has gone to live in the forest, where he instructs five hundred young brahmins in the reciting of mantras.”

1.216Kolita went to Upatiṣya and said, “Come, Upatiṣya. We shall go forth from home into the homelessness so that we may rely solely on what is correct.”

1.217“Did your parents give their consent?”

“They did.”

“Young brahmin, please stay until I have asked my parents.”

1.218“Upatiṣya, it took a long time for my parents to give their consent. How long will it be until you have consent?”

“Young brahmin, I will see that they give their consent right away and return.”

1.219Upatiṣya went to his parents and said, “Father, Mother, please listen. I shall go forth from home into homelessness so that I may rely solely on what is correct.”

“Son, is it good for you to go forth?”

1.220“Father, Mother, it is good for me to go forth.”

“Then go forth, son.”

1.221Upatiṣya went to Kolita and said, “Come, Kolita. We shall go forth from home into homelessness so that we may rely solely on what is correct.”

“Did your parents give their consent?”

“They did.”

1.222“Upatiṣya, it took a long time for my parents to give their consent. How did you get the consent of yours so quickly?”

“Allow me to explain. You were hindered by heavy bindings, tight, secure, and imperishable, while I was hindered by light bindings, powerless, weak, and perishable.” [F.23.b]

1.223The venerable Śāriputra had gone forth in five hundred previous lives because he had made this prayer:

1.225Kolita said to Upatiṣya, “Young brahmin, as we are well-known brahmins, we cannot join just any renunciant order. We must properly scrutinize the different renunciant orders and only then join one.”

With that they made their way to Rājagṛha.

1.226Meanwhile there were six tīrthika teachers living in Rājagṛha who entertained the conceit of omniscience although they were not omniscient: Pūraṇa Kāśyapa; [S.9.b] Gośālīputra, the wandering mendicant; Sañjayin, son of Vairaṭṭī; Ajita of the hair shawl; Kakuda, a descendant of Kātyāyana; and Jñātiputra, the Nirgrantha.

1.227The young brahmins Upatiṣya and Kolita went to Pūraṇa Kāśyapa and asked him, “Sir, what is your approach to the Dharma? What instructions do you give to your students? What is the result of living a holy life? What are its benefits?”

1.228“Young brahmins,” replied Pūraṇa, “this is how I see it and this is my philosophy: There is nothing to alms, oblations, fire sacrifices, good deeds, or bad deeds. There are no results or fruitions from performing good deeds or bad deeds. There is no present life. There is no afterlife. There is no mother. There is no father. Sentient beings are not born miraculously. In the world [F.24.a] there are no arhats who have reached perfection, who have entered perfection, who can knowingly say that through their heightened insight they have seen this and future lives, and proclaim, ‘We have overcome birth. We have lived the holy life. We have done what needed to be done. We will know no life other than this.’ One’s life-force persists for the duration of this life but is annihilated after that. It will perish and after death will not arise again. A person’s body is forged from the four great elements, for once its time is up, the body’s solid structures recede into earth, the body’s fluids recede into water, the body’s heat recedes into fire, and the body’s vital energies recede into wind. The senses fade into space. A person’s corpse is borne on a bier carried by four men and taken to the charnel ground where it is burned, never to be seen again. What burns turns to ash. The bones turn a pigeon-like grey. Those who are confused about these things counsel giving alms, while the wise counsel receiving them. Those who argue that such things exist are all vainly debating what is empty and hollow. Both the childish and the wise will cease to be. They will perish and after death will not live again.”

1.229The young brahmins Upatiṣya and Kolita thought, “This noble teacher has strayed onto a spurious path. He pursues fully a ruinous path. This is exactly the kind of dangerous path the wise say must be rejected.”

1.230Knowing this, they spoke in verse:

1.231Pūraṇa’s teaching heard, they cast it aside like an empty bottle and moved on.

Upatiṣya and Kolita then went to Gośālīputra the wandering mendicant [F.24.b] and asked, “Sir, what is your approach to the Dharma? What instructions do you give to your students? What is the result of living the holy life? What are its benefits?”

1.232“Young brahmins,” replied the wandering mendicant, “this is how I see it and this is my philosophy: That sentient beings are afflicted has nothing to do with causes and conditions. The affliction of sentient beings has nothing to do with causes and conditions. That sentient beings are purified has nothing to do with causes and conditions. The purification of sentient beings occurs randomly and by chance. That sentient beings lack understanding and insight has nothing to do with causes and conditions. Their lack of understanding and insight occurs randomly and by chance. That sentient beings acquire understanding and insight has nothing to do with causes and conditions. Their acquisition of understanding and insight occurs randomly and by chance. It is not due to vigor. It is not due to determination. It is not due to a combination of vigor and determination. It is not due to a person’s skill. It is not due to his overpowering ability. It is not due to a combination of a person’s skill and overpowering ability. It is not due to one’s own skill. It is not due to another’s skill. It is not due to a combination of one’s own skill and another’s skill. All beings, all living things, and all elements are powerless. They lack strength, influence, determination, and the ability to overcome. [S.10.a] A being’s life is predetermined. That is why we experience the unique pleasures and pains of each of the six realms.”

1.233Upatiṣya and Kolita thought, “This noble teacher too has strayed onto a spurious path. He pursues fully a ruinous path. This is exactly the kind of dangerous path the wise [F.25.a] say must be rejected.”

Knowing this, they spoke in verse:

1.235Gośālīputra’s teaching heard, they cast it aside like an empty bottle and moved on. [B3]

Upatiṣya and Kolita then went to Sañjayin, son of Vairaṭṭī, and asked, “Sir, what is your approach to the Dharma? What instructions do you give to your students? What is the result of living the holy life? What are its benefits?”

1.236“Young brahmins,” replied Sañjayin, “this is how I see it and this is my philosophy: A person may act or make another person act, maim or make another person maim, burn or make another person burn, flog or make another person flog, endanger life, take what has not been given, engage wrongfully in acts of desire, knowingly speak falsehoods, imbibe intoxicating drinks, break into a house, pick a lock, rob at knifepoint, block a road and lie in wait, sack a town, sack a city, sack a region, or slaughter, dismember, flog, and tear apart every last being on this earth with the edge of a cakra blade, and then, having cut up, dismembered, flogged, and torn apart all beings, lay all the flesh out on a single plane, in a single mound, in a single pile, or a single heap. In having laid all the flesh out on a single plane, [F.25.b] in a single mound, in a single pile, or a single heap, and having done all those things, there would be no sin in that nor would any sin come from it. One could walk along the south bank of the river Gaṅgā and slaughter, dismember, flog, and tear apart everything, or walk along the north bank of the river Gaṅgā and give alms and oblations, and there would be no sin or merit in either, nor would sin or merit come from either. Even if one practices generosity, discipline, perfect restraint, and acts with purpose and integrity, one still does not gain merit.”

1.237Upatiṣya and Kolita thought, “This noble teacher too has strayed onto a spurious path. He pursues fully a ruinous path. This is exactly the kind of dangerous path the wise say must be rejected.”

Knowing this, they spoke in verse:

1.239Sañjayin’s teaching heard, they cast it aside like an empty bottle and moved on.

Upatiṣya and Kolita then went to Ajita of the hair shawl and asked, “Sir, what is your approach to the Dharma? What instructions do you give to your students? What is the result of living the holy life? What are its benefits?”

1.240“Young brahmins,” replied Ajita, “this is how I see it and this is my philosophy: Seven bodies are not products, they are not by-products, they are not apparitions, they are not by-products of apparitions, they are not subject to harm, they are everlasting, and they are still and solid like a pillar. [F.26.a] What are the seven? The seven are thus: the body of earth, the body of water, the body of fire, the body of wind, pleasure, pain, and the vitality of life. Those seven bodies are not products, are not by-products, are not apparitions, are not by-products of apparitions, are not subject to harm, are everlasting, and are still and solid like a pillar. Those seven are such that they do not waver, they do not change, nor do they harm one another, nor do they become merit, nor do they become sin, nor do they become both merit and sin, nor do they become pleasure, nor do they become pain, nor do they become both pleasure and pain. [S.10.b] Were one person to cut off the head of another person, even that would not influence the world nor would it cause the slightest harm to that which is still and solid, for the weapon would pass straight through the unbroken spaces in those seven bodies, leaving the life within them unharmed. There is absolutely no killing them, no making to kill them, no rousing them, no making to rouse them, no awareness of them, no making to be aware of them, no knowing them, and no making them known. Whether you be childish or wise, you are liberated from suffering after 8,400,000 eons; in the meantime, you are reborn in and cycle through 14,000 principal places of rebirth, 60,600 great eons, five types of actions, three types of actions, two types of actions, action, half-actions, sixty-two paths, sixty-two intermediate eons, thirty-six hells, one hundred and twenty senses, sixty-two constituent particles, 49,000 classes of nāga families, 49,000 classes of garuḍa, 49,000 classes of wandering mendicants, [F.26.b] 49,000 classes of ājivika, 49,000 classes of nirgrantha, seven realms with discerning awareness, seven realms lacking discerning awareness, seven nirgrantha realms, seven demi-god realms, seven demonic realms, seven godly realms, seven human realms, seven great oceans, seven hundred lakes, seven great dreams, seven hundred dreams, seven states of great diminishment, seven hundred states of diminishment, seven states of great increase, seven hundred states of increase, seven states of great depletion, seven hundred states of depletion, seven great abysses, seven hundred abysses, six noble clans, ten high-status rebirths, and the eight grounds of a great person. Thus, just as a ball of thread thrown in the air unravels into a long thread as it falls, everyone, be they childish or wise, is liberated from suffering after having been through the cycle of rebirth for 8,400,000 eons. No ascetic or brahmin can say, ‘By observing ethics, a vow, asceticism, or celibacy, I shall bring to fruition those acts that have not borne fruit, and in facing those acts that have borne fruit, purify them.’ Our pleasures and pains are predestined. It is impossible to extend or reduce them. As this is how things are and not otherwise, the rounds of existence are thus to be counted.”

1.241Upatiṣya and Kolita thought, “This noble teacher too has strayed onto a spurious path. He pursues fully a ruinous path. This is exactly the kind of dangerous path the wise [F.27.a] say must be rejected.”

Knowing this, they spoke in verse:

1.243Ajita’s teaching heard, they cast it aside like an empty bottle and moved on.

Upatiṣya and Kolita then went to Kakuda Kātyāyana and asked, “Sir, what is your approach to the Dharma? What instructions do you give to your students? What is the result of living the holy life? What are its benefits?”

1.244“Young brahmins,” replied Kakuda Kātyāyana, “this is how I see it and this is my philosophy: If someone comes to me and asks, ‘Is there an afterlife?’ I answer him by saying, ‘There is an afterlife.’ If he should ask, ‘Is there not an afterlife?’ I answer him by saying, ‘There is no afterlife.’ If he should ask, ‘Is there or is there not an afterlife?’ I answer him by saying, ‘There is and is not an afterlife.’ If he should ask, ‘Does an afterlife neither exist nor not exist?’ I answer him by saying, ‘An afterlife neither exists nor does it not exist.’ Likewise, if someone comes to me and asks, ‘Is the afterlife like or unlike this world?’ I answer him by saying, “The afterlife is like and unlike this world.’ If he should ask, ‘Is the afterlife different or not different?’ I answer by saying, ‘The afterlife is different and not different.’ [F.27.b] If he should ask, ‘Is the afterlife not different or not not different?’ I answer him by saying, ‘The afterlife is not different and not not different.’ If he should ask, ‘Is the afterlife like that or not like that?’ I answer him by saying, ‘The afterlife is like that and not like that.’ ”

1.245Upatiṣya and Kolita thought, “This noble teacher too has strayed onto a spurious path. He pursues fully a ruinous path. This is exactly the kind of dangerous path the wise say must be rejected.”

Knowing this, they spoke in verse:

1.247Kakuda Kātyāyana’s teaching heard, they cast it aside like an empty bottle and moved on.

Upatiṣya and Kolita then went to Jñātiputra, the Nirgrantha, and asked, “Sir, what is your approach to the Dharma? What instructions do you give to your students? What is the result of living the holy life? What are its benefits?”

1.248“Young brahmins,” replied the Nirgrantha, “this is how I see it and this is my philosophy: No matter what a person individually experiences, it all comes from causes sown in the past. Old actions are purified through austerities, while new actions are averted by the dam of inactivity. In this way one avoids future defilement. In the absence of defilement, actions are exhausted. When actions are exhausted, suffering is exhausted. When suffering is exhausted, one is freed from suffering.”

1.249Upatiṣya and Kolita [F.28.a] thought, “This noble teacher too has strayed onto a spurious path. He pursues fully a ruinous path. This is exactly the kind of dangerous path the wise say must be rejected.”

Knowing this, they spoke in verse:

1.251The Nirgrantha’s teaching heard, they cast it aside like an empty bottle and moved on.

1.252Not long before, word had spread about a tīrthika named Sañjayin. The young brahmins Upatiṣya and Kolita went to where the teacher Sañjayin lived and asked, “Gentlemen, where is the teacher Sañjayin?”

“He has withdrawn into seclusion.”

“Oh! This is the first time we’ve heard the phrase ‘withdrawn into seclusion’ in such a long time!”

They thought, “It would not be right to disturb the teacher’s withdrawal into seclusion. We will approach him once he has risen from this state.” And with that they sat off to one side.

1.253The teacher Sañjayin emerged from seclusion. The states of absorption he had experienced had invigorated his senses. Upatiṣya and Kolita thought, “Whoever has such a face must have qualities to match.” They approached him and asked, “Sir Sañjayin, what is your approach to the Dharma? What instructions do you give to your students? What is the result of living the holy life? What are its benefits?”

Sañjayin replied, “Young brahmins, this is how I see it and this is my philosophy: The Dharma is truth and nonviolence. The peaceful, ageless, immortal, and unwaning [F.28.b] state is Brahman.”

1.254The two replied, “Preceptor, what is the meaning of what you have said?”

“As for truth, renunciation is born of true thoughts. As for nonviolence, all dharmas spring from the ground of nonviolence. The peaceful, ageless, immortal, and unwaning state are other names by which nirvāṇa may be known. That state is called Brahmā, for if some were to achieve nirvāṇa in this very life, all would be well. But even if they did not achieve it, they would still draw near to the world of Brahmā. Even so, brahmins will be reborn in the world of Brahmā, will alight into the world of Brahmā, will have alighted into the world of Brahmā. And how is the world of Brahmā? Gaining the fortune for the world of Brahmā is akin to entering nirvāṇa.”

1.255“Preceptor, allow us to go forth. We pledge to live the holy life under your guidance.” And with that the two became renunciants in Sañjayin’s order.

After the teacher Sañjayin allowed Upatiṣya and Kolita’s going forth, the news of their acceptance spread everywhere and Sañjayin was lauded with many accolades and much praise. He thought, [S.11.b] “If I was a member of the Śāṇḍilya clan before and am still a member now, what has caused such abundant accolades and praise to come to me now?”

1.256Sañjayin thought, “It is not due to my own sway. Rather, it is the sway of these two young brahmins.”

Thus when he accepted five hundred young brahmins for instruction in how to recite brahmanic mantras, he assigned two hundred and fifty to Upatiṣya and two hundred and fifty to Kolita. [F.29.a]

1.257At one point, after the teacher Sañjayin had fallen ill, Upatiṣya asked Kolita, “Kolita, will you attend the preceptor or will you seek out medicine for him?”

Kolita thought, “Upatiṣya is intelligent. I would have him attend the preceptor while I go in search of medicine,” and said, “Please attend the preceptor and I will seek medicine.”

1.258Upatiṣya began to attend the preceptor and Kolita went off in search of medicine. Though Upatiṣya ministered to the preceptor with medicinal roots, stalks, leaves, flowers, and fruit, the illness would not subside. Though weak, the preceptor smiled, prompting Upatiṣya to ask, “Preceptor, given that great people like you do not smile for no reason, what causes you to smile? What prompts it?”

1.259“Upatiṣya,” replied Sañjayin, “allow me to explain. Great beings like me do not smile without cause or condition. I was thinking about the wife of King Suvarṇapati of Suvarṇadvīpa. When her husband’s time had come, she leapt onto his funeral pyre. I was thinking how the impulse to desire, the very things desired, and the pursuit of desire are what cause these sentient beings to suffer.”

1.260“When was this, preceptor?”

“At such and such a time, a long time ago.”

“In what month?”

“In such and such a month long ago.”

“On what day?”

“On such and such a day long ago.”

1.261Sañjayin recorded this conversation on a board and set it down.

“Preceptor,” Upatiṣya urged, “if the whole of what little renunciation we have is for ambrosia and the search for ambrosia, and if you, preceptor, have found some small measure of that ambrosia then please share it with us!”

1.262“Son, [F.29.b] the whole of what little renunciation I have is for ambrosia and the search for ambrosia but neither have I discovered even a small measure of that ambrosia. Allow me to explain. On the fifteenth, a day of fast, I heard the gods, who were passing through the heavens above, say, ‘At the foot of the snow mountains, on the banks of the river Bhāgīrathī, not far from the sage Kapila’s hermitage, a youth from the Śākya clan has appeared. Brahmins skilled in interpreting omens and signs made this prophecy: ‘The youth installed in the palace will either become king of the world, with his reign extending over the four directions, or he will become a king of Dharma. He will be endowed with the Dharma or the seven precious emblems. The seven precious emblems he will possess are as follows: a precious wheel, a precious elephant, a precious horse, a precious jewel, a precious woman, a precious steward, and a precious general. He will have a full one thousand sons, heroic, brave, and of ideal build who will destroy enemy forces. Under him, the whole earth, from sea to sea, will be free from the threat of harm and violence, and will be a realm without punishment or armed expulsion, where rule is impartial and in harmony with the Dharma. But if he, with perfect faith, should cut his hair, shave his beard, don the saffron robes, and go forth from home into homelessness, then he shall become a tathāgata, an arhat, a perfectly awakened buddha, famed all over the world.’

1.263“ ‘You two should go forth into his teachings. Having gone forth, you should not proclaim your caste, you should not proclaim your clan, you should not proclaim your being a young brahmin. [S.12.a] Once you have overcome conceit and pride, you should live the holy life under his guidance and then you will receive a great ambrosia.”

Then he said,

1.265On saying that, he went the way of all temporal phenomena. After decorating the sides of his bier with blue, yellow, red, and white cloth, they carried his corpse to the charnel ground and cremated him. In time, their grief subsided.

In time, a young brahmin named Suvarṇajaṭa from Suvarṇadvīpa arrived in Rājagṛha. When he entered their dwelling, Upatiṣya asked, “Young brahmin, where have you come from?”

“From Suvarṇadvīpa,” he replied.

1.266“Young brahmin, did you see anything at all amazing or remarkable in Suvarṇadvīpa?”

“I didn’t see anything truly amazing or remarkable,” he replied, “but I did see something somewhat amazing and remarkable so listen as you please. The wife of King Suvarṇapati of Suvarṇadvīpa leapt onto his funeral pyre when her husband’s time had come.”

1.267“When was this?”

“At such and such a time, a long time ago.”

1.268“In what month?”

“In such and such a month long ago.”

1.269“On what day?”

“On such and such a day long ago.”

1.270When Upatiṣya looked at the conversation recorded on the board, he saw that everything was exactly as Sañjayin had said, at which point he said to Kolita, “Our preceptor Sañjayin concealed his learning from us. If he had found such rare ambrosia, he did not share it with us. For if he himself saw forms in other lands with the divine eye and heard pleasant sounds with the divine ear, then his claim to have found no ambrosia is not true.”

1.271Kolita thought, “Upatiṣya is intelligent. Were he to find such ambrosia he may not tell me and a situation such as this might happen again.”

Then he said, “Upatiṣya, join me in a pledge. Whoever finds such ambrosia first, [F.30.b] he shall share it with the other.”

They made the pledge and set out into the realm.

Going Forth

1.272When the blessed Bodhisattva reached the age of twenty-nine, he ceased to revel in desires, for the sight of the elderly, the sick, and the dead had moved him deeply. He stole out in the middle of the night and fled into the forest, where he spent six years practicing austerities. But he came to see that those austerities would amount to nothing. He then breathed freely, in and out, and partook again of solid foods such as rice and porridge. He rubbed ghee and oil into his skin and took refreshing baths in warm water. [S.12.b] When he came to the village of Senānī, the village headman’s daughters, Nandā and Nandabalā, gave him milk that had been churned sixteen times and mixed with honey to drink. He was lauded by the nāga king Kālika, and he accepted a bundle of auspicious golden-colored kūśa grass from a grassmonger. From there he went to what would be the site of his awakening. He arrived and settled cross-legged into an unshakable absorption on an unshakable bed of kuśa grass. Sitting straight and erect, he settled his mind and said:

1.274His intention pledged, he said:

1.275During the midnight hours, through the power of his loving kindness the Blessed One subdued Māra and his retinue of 360 million demonic spirits, and unsurpassed wisdom arose within him. At Brahmā’s request, he went to Vārāṇasī and turned the wheel of Dharma, revealing in three phases a teaching with twelve aspects. During that time, he converted the group of five, the five friends, and fifty high-born village brahmin youths, who then went forth and received full ordination. [F.31.a]

1.276While passing through the Karpāsī forest, he convinced a noble band of sixty youths of the truths. While passing through the village of Senānī, he convinced the village headman’s daughters, Nandā and Nandabalā, of the truths. While passing through Uruvilvā, he inspired a group of one thousand dreadlocked ascetics to go forth, and ordained them. While passing by the Gayāśīrṣa stūpa, he instructed those one thousand monks by displaying three miracles, thereby freeing them from the wilds of saṃsāra and establishing them in the utterly final state of perfection and the unsurpassably blissful state of nirvāṇa. While passing through the Yaṣtī forest, he brought the King of Magadha, Bimbisāra of the Guilds, to the truths along with 80,000 gods and many hundreds of thousands of Magadhan brahmins and householders. While passing through Rājagṛha, he accepted the offering of a bamboo park. It was then that the Blessed Buddha took up residence at the Kalandakanivāpa in Rājagṛha’s Bamboo Park.

1.277Having set out into the realm, Upatiṣya and Kolita also arrived in Rājagṛha. They saw that Rājagṛha was utterly still and thought, “One of only two things could have brought utter quiet to this town: either fear of neighboring armies, or the presence of several ascetics and brahmins famed for their merit and majesty.”

1.278As they began to examine the stars, they acknowledged, “As neighboring armies present no imminent danger, tomorrow we shall know more.”

1.279The two were in the habit of daubing three lines of ash across their foreheads and going out on their daily rounds. When they did so, many hundreds of thousands of creatures would always follow after them.

The next day they daubed three lines of ash across their foreheads and went out on their daily rounds. However, on that day not a single being [F.31.b] followed after them. On returning they considered the matter. They saw that not a single being had followed after them and wondered, “In the past when we have gone out on rounds, many hundreds of thousands of creatures would follow after us. Why then has not a single being followed after us today?”

1.280There is nothing, even in the slightest, the blessed buddhas do not know, do not see, are not aware of, or do not notice. Thus the Blessed Buddha subsists, alive and well, endowed with great compassion, engaged in actions to help the world; is its sole protector, its lone champion, one of a kind; does not speak duplicitously; is sustained by calm abiding and insight; illuminates the three types of knowledge; is well-trained in the three trainings; is skilled in the three approaches to discipline; has crossed the four rivers; is well-grounded in his use of the four foundations of miraculous conduct, and is one who long ago perfected the four means of attraction; who teaches the four noble truths; who, being fearless in four ways, is never frightened; who has abandoned the five branches, has transcended the five rebirths, teaches the five aggregates to be selfless, is in possession of the six branches, and has perfected the six perfections; who always abides by the six spheres, who binds the six sense gates; who accustoms himself to the six dharmas that elicit perfect joy; who is rich with the flower of awakening’s seven branches; who displays the seven treasures of a noble being; who is unstained by the eight mundane concerns; who knows the nine things that inspire aggression; who teaches the eight branches of the path; who is skilled in the nine stages of meditative absorption; [F.32.a] who possesses the strength of the ten strengths; whose good name has spread in the ten directions; and who surpasses those who rule over the thousandfold universe.

1.281As it is in the nature of such beings to watch over the world with their buddha eye during the three times of the day and night, they know and see who has fallen, who has flourished, who hurts, who wants, who is unhappy, who hurts, who wants, who is unhappy, who is headed for a miserable rebirth, who will fall into a miserable rebirth; who will decide to rise from his path towards a miserable rebirth and land in a high-status rebirth, liberation, or the fruition; who will reach out his hand to those sinking in the mud of desire; who lacks the riches of a noble being’s treasures; who will come to the magnificent wealth of a noble being’s treasures; whose buddhahood, with its attendant fruits, will ornament the world; whose latent roots of virtue will bud; whose budding roots of virtue will blossom; and who, having blossomed, will be freed.

It has been said:

1.283Thus the Blessed One watches over the world with his buddha eye. With this eye, the Blessed One saw that the minds of the wandering mendicants Upatiṣya and Kolita had been ripened through their service to past buddhas and the stores of virtue they had amassed, [F.32.b] and thus he understood that the two wandering mendicants were like fruit ripe for the plucking. The time to train them had come. The Blessed One thought, “Will these two be captivated by the Teacher or by his disciples?” and saw they would be captivated by disciples.

1.284He thought, “What will be their way into the renunciant order? Will they be drawn by miracles or by conduct?” Thinking that, he saw they would be drawn by conduct. The Blessed One summoned the venerable Aśvajit, whose conduct he saw would captivate them, for conduct like his captivated gods and men. Then the Blessed One instructed the venerable Aśvajit, “Aśvajit, consider the wandering mendicants Upatiṣya and Kolita.”

1.285Aśvajit’s silence indicated his assent to the Blessed One’s instruction. As Aśvajit was fully committed to acting on the Blessed One’s instruction, he praised and welcomed the Blessed One’s instruction. Bowing his head at the Blessed One’s feet, he said, “I go with the Blessed One’s guidance.”

1.286Early the next morning, after the night had passed, the venerable Aśvajit put on his under robe and took up his begging bowl and robes. Clad in robes and bearing a begging bowl, he entered Rājagṛha to beg alms, radiant in his coming and going, his gazing ahead and his gazing to the side, the withdrawing and extending of his limbs.

1.287Meanwhile the wandering mendicant Upatiṣya was out and about in Rājagṛha on some errand when he saw from afar the venerable Aśvajit, clad in robes and bearing a begging bowl, he entered Rājagṛha to beg alms, [F.33.a] radiant in his coming and going, his gazing ahead and his gazing to the side, the withdrawing and extending of his limbs. On seeing him he thought, “So this is what the renunciants who come to live here in Rājagṛha are like. Never in my life have I seen anyone carry himself like this renunciant. I must approach him and ask, ‘Monk, who is your teacher? Why have you gone forth? Whose Dharma do you favor?’ ”

1.288Knowing the monk was likely to pass by one of the main crossroads, Upatiṣya went there to wait. When the venerable Aśvajit reached the spot where Upatiṣya was, Upatiṣya asked this of Aśvajit: “Monk, who is your teacher? Why have you gone forth? Whose Dharma do you favor?”

1.289“Gautama, the venerable monk and prince of the Śākyas, left the Śākya clan, shaved his head and beard, donned the saffron robes and, with perfect faith, went forth from home into homelessness. In his unsurpassed, perfect awakening, he has become a perfect buddha. My teacher is the Blessed One. It is because of him that I have gone forth. It is his Dharma that I favor.”

1.290“Monk, then you must share one of his teachings!”

“Venerable, I am but young and a new renunciant so it would not be easy for me to fully and perfectly explain the teachings of the Blessed One, who is a tathāgata, an arhat, a perfect buddha. Thus I will share with you their import.”

1.291“Monk, the import is what I need. What good is a lengthy explanation? Please teach me the import, whatever its length.”

The venerable Aśvajit spoke this verse:

1.293Once he had explained this aspect of the Dharma, Upatiṣya came to see phenomena through the unclouded and pristine eyes of Dharma. Upatiṣya saw the Dharma, heard the Dharma, knew the Dharma, plumbed the depths of the Dharma, overcame his skepticism, transcended doubt, could not be swayed by others, and was not reliant on others. With his newfound fearless confidence in the Dharma taught by the Teacher, he stood up from his seat, pulled his shawl from one shoulder, bowed to the venerable Aśvajit with his palms pressed together, and spoke in verse:

1.295“Venerable, where is the Blessed One now?”

“Venerable, at the Kalandakanivāpa, in the Bamboo Park outside Rājagṛha.”

Upatiṣya then praised and welcomed what Aśvajit had said. After prostrating at Aśvajit’s feet, he circumambulated him three times and went to see Kolita.

1.296From a long way off, Kolita saw Upatiṣya approaching. On meeting him, he said to Upatiṣya, “Venerable, your faculties are clear and your complexion lustrous. If your skin is so radiant, does that mean you have found ambrosia?”

1.297“I have found someone worth venerating.”

“Share this venerable one’s teaching.”

Upatiṣya then spoke in verse:

1.299“Venerable, please repeat it one more time. Venerable, say it again.”

1.301Once Upatiṣya had explained this aspect of the Dharma, Kolita too came to see phenomena through the unclouded and pristine eyes of Dharma. Kolita saw the Dharma, heard the Dharma, knew the Dharma, plumbed the depths of the Dharma, overcame his skepticism, transcended doubt, could not be swayed by others, and could not be led astray by others. Having gained a fearless confidence in the Dharma taught by the Teacher, he stood up from his seat, pulled his shawl from one shoulder, bowed to Upatiṣya with his palms pressed together, and spoke in verse:

1.303“Venerable, where is the Blessed One now?”

“At the Kalandakanivāpa, in the Bamboo Park outside Rājagṛha.”

“Come. We must live the holy life under the guidance of the Blessed One.”

1.304“But venerable, we must first see our followers; for it is only proper that knowledgeable and prominent people like us visit our followers.”

So the wandering mendicants Upatiṣya and Kolita went to the young brahmins and said, “Young brahmins, listen. What will you do if we two go to live the holy life under the guidance of the Blessed One?”

1.305“Preceptors, [F.34.b] the little we seek, we seek because of you; so if you two preceptors go to live the holy life under the guidance of the Blessed One and go forth, we too will go forth.”

“Young brahmins, then know that the time has come.”

1.306Upatiṣya and Kolita and their students, 250 apiece, then went to the Kalandakanivāpa in the Bamboo Park.

At the time, the venerable Aśvajit was seated, taking shelter from the sun at the foot of a tree. The wandering mendicants Upatiṣya and Kolita saw the venerable Aśvajit from a long way off. On seeing him, Upatiṣya asked Kolita, “Kolita, do we first pay our respects to the Blessed One, or to the one from whom we have heard of his Dharma?”

1.307“To the one from whom we have heard of his Dharma.”

The two of them went to the venerable Aśvajit. Reaching him, they prostrated at his feet, before taking a seat off to one side.

At that point, a brahmin who loved fire paid respect and homage. He then spoke a verse of the Blessed One’s:

1.309When Upatiṣya and Kolita had prostrated at the feet of Aśvajit, they left and went to where the Blessed One was. [F.35.a]

1.310At the time, the Blessed One was seated, teaching Dharma amidst many hundreds of monk followers. The Blessed One saw Upatiṣya and Kolita from a long way off. When he saw them, he said to the monks, “Monks, embrace your friends, bring them to the head of the assembly, let them come before you. Do you see Upatiṣya and Kolita, or do you see venerable ones? These two will become my disciples, my foremost and noblest pair, for one shall become the greatest of miracle workers, and the other shall become the wisest of the wise.”

A monk then spoke a verse:

1.312Upatiṣya and Kolita then approached the Blessed One, prostrated at his feet, and made the following request: “If we are permitted, reverend, we would receive the going forth, ordination, and monkhood in the well-proclaimed Dharma and Vinaya. We would live the holy life in the Blessed One’s presence.”

1.313The Blessed One allowed goings forth by saying the phrase, “Come, monk,” and so as soon as he said, “Come, monks, live the holy life,” their hair fell out and they were clad in robes, [F.35.b] with but a week’s growth of hair and beard, begging bowls and water jars in hand, settled, with the composure of monks who had been ordained for one hundred years.

Again it is said:

1.315Early the next morning, a great many monks put on their under robes, took up their begging bowls and robes and entered Rājagṛha to beg for alms. When the people of Rājagṛha saw that members of Sañjayin’s tīrthika community had renounced it and joined the Buddha’s renunciant order, they quickly became disappointed and visibly upset. Vilifying the monks, they spoke in verse:

The monks were crestfallen, upset, and lost their fearlessness.

1.317Having gone to collect alms in Rājagṛha, the great many monks ate what they had been given and, as alms are not sought after noon, packed their begging bowls and robes, washed their feet, and went, hurting and upset, to see the Blessed One. As they arrived, the great many monks prostrated at the Blessed One’s feet, sat off to one side, and told the Blessed One, “Reverend, early this morning a great many of us monks put on our robes, picked up our begging bowls and robes, and went to Rājagṛha to collect alms. There, when the people of Rājagṛha saw that members of Sañjayin’s tīrthika community had renounced it and joined the Buddha’s renunciant order, they quickly became disappointed and visibly upset. [F.36.a] Vilifying us, they spoke in verse:

“With this, we became crestfallen, upset, and lost our fearlessness.”

1.319“Monks,” instructed the Blessed One, “say this to the people of Rājagṛha who say such things:

“That will dispel all the vanity and self-assurance of the people of Rājagṛha who speak like that.”

1.321Early the next morning, a great many monks put on their robes, took up their begging bowls and robes, and entered Rājagṛha to beg for alms. When the people of Rājagṛha saw that members of Sañjayin’s tīrthika community had renounced it and joined the Buddha’s renunciant order, they soon become disappointed and visibly upset. Vilifying the monks, they again spoke the same verse:

1.323One monk then replied:

1.324With that statement he dispelled all the vanity and self-assurance of the people of Rājagṛha who spoke like that.

1.325Some time later, the brahmin Māṭhara’s time came, as did his wife’s. The brahmin Tiṣya’s time came, as did Śārikā’s. Tiṣya’s son, Koṣṭhila, returned to the village of Nālada from the South where he had taken up with the Lokāyata ascetics. [F.36.b] The village gatekeeper recognized him and asked, “Sir, are you Koṣṭhila?”

1.326“People know me thus. What has become of the brahmin Māṭhara?”

“His time came.”

“What has become of his wife?”

“Her time came.”

1.327“What has become of the brahmin Tiṣya?”

“His time came too.”

“What has become of Śārikā?”

“Her time came too.”

1.328“What has become of Śāriputra?”

“Shortly after a teacher named Sañjayin appeared in Rājagṛha, he went forth and joined his renunciant order. Lately it has become common for brahmins to go forth.”

1.329Koṣṭhila then made his way to Rājagṛha, and when he arrived there he asked, “What has become of the teacher Sañjayin?”

“His time came.”

1.330“What has become of his tīrthika community?”

“They have all gone forth and joined the renunciant order around the ascetic Gautama.”

1.331“It would have been good had the ascetic Gautama, who was prophesied to become king of the world, become royal priest.”

1.332Koṣṭhila, who had taken the name Dīrghanakha when he became a wandering mendicant, went to see the Blessed One. When he arrived, he and the Blessed One were clearly overjoyed to see one another and exchanged warm words of goodwill before Dīrghanakha sat off to one side. As he sat there off to one side, Dīrghanakha said to the Blessed One, “O Gautama, for me, no view is acceptable.”

1.333“Scion of Agniveṣya's line, then even that view in which no view is acceptable to you would be unacceptable to you.”

“Agreed, O Gautama,” replied Dīrghanakha, “even that view which views all forms of self as unable to endure does not itself endure.”

1.334“Scion of Agniveṣya's line, well then, if you understand and see it like that, then that view too will be abandoned, discarded, and cease to be. Other views too will not be entertained, embraced, or arise.”

“O Gautama, if I understood and saw it like that, then that view too will be abandoned, discarded, and cease to be.”

1.335The Blessed One replied at length, “scion of Agniveṣya's line, you are like and akin to most people, [F.37.a] for most people also view things thus and say such things, and in that you are just like them. Scion of Agniveṣya's line, in this world those ascetics and brahmins who discard this view, and those ascetics and brahmins who do not embrace other views, are said to be the fewest of the few.

1.336“Scion of Agniveṣya's line, there are three positions regarding the view. What are those three positions? Scion of Agniveṣya's line, regarding this point, some maintain that all views are acceptable to them. Others maintain that no view is acceptable to them, while still others maintain that some views are acceptable to them and others are not.

1.337“Scion of Agniveṣya's line, in those for whom all views are acceptable, attachment will arise and attachment will not disappear; aversion will arise and aversion will not disappear; confusion will arise and confusion will not disappear; accumulation will occur and accumulation will not disappear; fetters will occur and fetters will not disappear; and defilement will arise and purification will not occur. In those for whom all views are acceptable, eager anticipation, pursuit, and excessive attachment will arise.

1.338“Scion of Agniveṣya's line, in those for whom no view is acceptable, attachment will disappear and attachment will not arise; aversion will disappear and aversion will not arise; confusion will disappear and confusion will not arise; accumulation will disappear and accumulation will not occur; one will be free of fetters and fetters will not occur; and purification will occur and defilement will disappear. [F.37.b] In those for whom no view is acceptable, there will be no eager anticipation, no pursuit, and excessive attachment will disappear.

1.339“Scion of Agniveṣya's line, in those for whom no view is acceptable, attachment will arise and attachment will not disappear; aversion will arise and aversion will not disappear; confusion will arise and confusion will not disappear; accumulation will occur and accumulation will not disappear; fetters will occur and fetters will not disappear; and defilement will arise and purification will not occur. With this view that holds that some selves endure, eager anticipation, pursuit, and excessive attachment will arise. At the same time, in holding that some selves do not endure, attachment will disappear and attachment will not arise; aversion will disappear and aversion will not arise; confusion will disappear and confusion will not arise; accumulation will disappear and accumulation will not occur; one will be free of fetters and fetters will not occur; and purification will occur and defilement will disappear. In those for whom some views are acceptable, there will be no eager anticipation, no pursuit, and excessive attachment will disappear.

1.340“Learned noble disciples scrutinize in this way: if one maintains that all views are acceptable to them, he will be in conflict and fight with one who maintains that no view is acceptable to them [F.38.a] and one who maintains that some views are acceptable to them while others are not. If they are in conflict, they will fight, and if they fight there will be harm. Having correctly seen this, one in conflict, fight, and harm will, having discarded even this view, will not take up another.

1.341Learned noble disciples scrutinize in this way: if one maintains that no view is acceptable to them, he will be in conflict and fight with one who maintains that all views are acceptable to them and one who maintains that some views are acceptable to them while others are not. If they are in conflict, they will fight, and if they fight there will be harm. Having correctly seen this, one in conflict, fight, and harm will, having discarded even this view, will not take up another.

1.342“Learned noble disciples scrutinize the second position in this way: if one holds the view and argues that no self endures, then the view and argument that all selves endure and the view and argument that some selves endure while other selves do not endure would counter and undermine the self; if it counters, it would undermine, and if it undermines, it would debunk the self.

1.343““And thus, they will think, ‘I will abandon, discard, and get rid of this view. I shall not entertain, embrace, or give rise to another.’

1.344“Learned noble disciples scrutinize in this way: if one maintains that some views are acceptable to them while others are not, he will be in conflict and fight with one who maintains that no view is acceptable to them and one who maintains that all views are acceptable to them. If they are in conflict, they will fight, and if they fight there will be harm. Having correctly seen this, one in conflict, fight, and harm will, having discarded even this view, will not take up another.

1.345“And thus, they will think, ‘I will abandon, discard, and get rid of this view. I shall not entertain, embrace, or give rise to another.’ [F.38.b]

1.346“Scion of Agniveṣya's line, as this body is composed of gross form and arises from the four great elements, noble disciples observe and dwell on its repeated arising and destruction. If noble disciples observe and dwell on its repeated arising and destruction, whatever aspirations, attachment, craving, obsessions, preoccupations, or excessive attachment may arise towards the body will be confronted and will not remain.

1.347“Scion of Agniveṣya's line, there are three feelings. What are these three? Pleasure, pain, and that which is neither pleasant nor painful. Scion of Agniveṣya's line, when noble disciples experience feelings of pleasure, then feelings of pain and feelings which are neither pleasant nor painful come to a halt. At that time noble disciples experience only feelings of pleasure yet feelings of pleasure too are subject to impermanence, suffering, and cessation.

1.348“When noble disciples experience feelings of pain, then feelings of pleasure and feelings which are neither pleasant nor painful come to a halt. At that time, noble disciples experience only feelings of pain yet feelings of pain too are subject to impermanence, suffering, and cessation.

1.349“When noble disciples experience feelings which are neither pleasant nor painful, then feelings of pleasure and pain come to a halt. At that time, noble disciples experience only feelings that are neither pleasant nor painful [F.39.a] yet feelings that are neither pleasant nor painful too are subject to impermanence, suffering, and cessation.

1.350“Thus they think, ‘What is the basis for these feelings? What are their origins? What types of things are compatible with them? What has produced their arising?’ On reflection, the basis for these feelings is contact, their origins lie in contact, they are compatible with contact, what has produced them is contact. Thus contact of different types occurs, prompting feelings of different types to arise. Contact of different types cease, prompting feelings of different types to cease, to calm, to cool off, to fade away. Thus when they experience feelings that are pleasant, painful or neither pleasant nor painful, they thoroughly and precisely understand their origins, their fading, their flavor, their shortcomings, and their perfect renunciation.

1.351“When they thoroughly and precisely understand their origins, their fading, their flavor, their shortcomings, and their perfect renunciation, they view and rest in the impermanence of any feeling that arises, they view its dwindling, they view its disintegration, they view it free of desirous attachment, they view its cessation, and view and rest in its utter abandonment.

1.352“When they view and rest in the impermanence of any feeling that arises while viewing its dwindling, viewing its disintegration, viewing it free of desirous attachment, viewing its cessation, and viewing and resting in its utter abandonment, they are not taken in, even in the slightest, by the world. If they are not taken in, there will be no torment. If there is no torment, they will understand that their births have come to an end, that they have lived the holy life, that they have done what needed doing, and that they will know no lives after this one. [F.39.b] Thus they themselves will altogether transcend misery. When they experience the body’s most basic feelings, they thoroughly and precisely understand them with the thought, ‘I am experiencing the body’s most basic feelings.’ When they experience the life-force’s most basic feeling, they thoroughly and precisely understand it with the thought, ‘I am experiencing the life-force’s most basic feeling.’

1.353“Since the life-force comes to an end after the body has perished, all of that life’s feelings, every last one of them, come to a halt, every last one of them fades away, every last one of them dwindles away, and every last one of them comes to an end. Thus they think, ‘When I experience feelings of pleasure, if the body should perish, that will be the end of suffering. When I experience feelings of pain and feelings that are neither pleasant nor painful, if the body should perish, that will be the end of suffering.’

1.354“Thus when they experience the feeling of pleasure, it is unaccompanied, it is not accompanied by experiences. When they experience the feeling of pain or a feeling that is neither pleasant nor painful, it is unaccompanied, it is not accompanied by experiences.

1.355“What does not accompany their death? It is not accompanied by desire, aversion, or confusion. It is not accompanied by birth, aging, illness, death, mourning, cries of misery, pain, unease, or disturbance. It is not, I argue, accompanied by suffering.”

1.356During this talk, the venerable Śāriputra, who had been ordained two weeks earlier, sat, fanning the Blessed One. Śāriputra then had this thought: “The Blessed One has praised the abandonment of such phenomena along with the freedom from, the cessation of, and the utter abandonment of desire. I, too, should observe and abide by the abandonment of such phenomena, and should observe freedom from desire. [F.40.a] I, too, should observe and abide by the abandonment of such phenomena, and its cessation. I, too, should observe and abide by its utter abandonment.”

1.357Śāriputra then observed and abided by the abandonment of such phenomena. He proceeded to observe freedom from desire, observe its cessation, and observe and abide by its utter abandonment. As he observed and abided by the abandonment of such phenomena and proceeded to observe freedom from desire, observe its cessation, and observe and abide by its utter abandonment, his mind, in the absence of grasping, was freed from defilements.

1.358The wandering mendicant Dīrghanakha, too, came to see phenomena through the unclouded and pristine eyes of Dharma. Dīrghanakha saw the Dharma, heard the Dharma, knew the Dharma, plumbed the depths of the Dharma, overcame his skepticism, transcended doubt, could not be swayed by others, and could not be led astray by others.

With his new-found fearless confidence in the Dharma taught by the Teacher, he stood up from his seat, pulled his shawl from one shoulder, bowed to the Blessed One with his palms pressed together, and made the following request to the Blessed One: “If it is permitted, reverend, I would receive the going forth, ordination, and monkhood in the well-proclaimed Dharma and Vinaya. I would live the holy life in the Blessed One’s presence.”

1.359The Blessed One allowed goings forth by saying the phrase, “Come, monk,” and so as soon as he said, “Come, monks, live the holy life,” his hair fell out and he was clad in robes. With but a week’s growth of hair and beard, begging bowls and water jars in hand, having completed his approach to monkhood, he stood with the deportment of a monk who had been ordained for one hundred years.

1.360Again it is stated:

1.361With this going forth, Dīrghanakha went to live alone in solitude, diligent and persevering, devoted to his resolve. While living alone in solitude, diligent and persevering, devoted to his resolve, he perceived that he had, in that very life, actualized the unsurpassed aim of the holy life for which the sons of noble families, with perfect faith, cut their hair, shave their beards, don the saffron robes, and go forth from home into homelessness. With his achievement, he understood, “My births have come to an end, I have lived the holy life, I have done what needed doing, I will know no lives after this one.” Thus the venerable one achieved the all-knowing state of an arhat whose mind had been utterly freed.

1.362An intervening summary:

1.363The Blessed One said to the monks, “Monks, among my monk disciples who have gained the knowledge of perfect discernment, the monk Koṣṭhila is supreme.”

1.364In doubt, the monks went to him who severs all doubts, the Blessed Buddha, and asked, “Reverend, what is it that the venerable Śāriputra has done, that the ripened fruit of that action has made his intellect sharper, finer, and more incisive?”

1.365“Monks,” replied the Blessed One, “Śāriputra himself discovered the store of action, mastered conditions, tended to them as one does an irrigation channel, and emerged without indecision. As he himself acted and accumulated thus, no one else experiences the results of actions and accumulations as Śāriputra has done. [F.41.a] Monks, actions committed and accumulated do not ripen in the external element of earth. Neither do they ripen in the element of water, nor the element of fire, nor the element of wind. Actions committed and accumulated, whether virtuous or non-virtuous, ripen only into the appropriated aggregates, constituent elements, and seats of the senses.

1.367“Monks, long ago a brahmin who lived in a remote mountain range took a wife of equal caste and together they played with, took pleasure in, and amused one another. From their play, pleasure, and amusement, there came a boy whom they named Śūrpī. Again, they played with, took pleasure in, and amused one another, producing a girl, whom they named Sūkṣmā. After a while, their brahmin father’s time came, as did his wife’s. The young brahmin Śūrpī, because he loved solitude, took his sister to live in a remote forest.

1.368“At a certain point, his sister Sūkṣmā grew into a woman and at the time, beset by disturbing emotions, said, ‘Brother, I cannot be sustained by the medicinal plants in this forest. Let us go to the outskirts of town.’

1.369“So Śūrpī took his sister to the outskirts of town, and as they approached a house to beg alms, a brahmin sitting in his home heard the voice of a man speaking to a woman. On hearing this, the brahmin came out and asked, ‘What is a sage doing traveling with a wife?’

“ ‘This is not my wife. This is my younger sister. Would you give us a little something to eat?’

1.370“ ‘I will not. And if I refuse, would you give me your sister?’

“ ‘That would be a sin and I reject such ignoble principles.’

1.371“Sūkṣmā said, [F.41.b] ‘Brother, the medicinal plants in this forest do not sustain me, so it was I who suggested we go to the edge of town. Why did I suggest it? Incapacitated as I am by emotions, I trusted you would know what to do.’

1.372“ ‘I will give a large dowry and take her as my bride,’ said the brahmin.

“ ‘Brother, let us leave,’ said Sūkṣmā, and together they stepped away.

1.373“Śūrpī said, ‘It is because I do not pursue desires that I have gone to remote places.’

“ ‘Then, brother, should you attain even the slightest store of qualities, you must come share them with me.’

1.374“Śūrpī went off into the wilds and, without a preceptor or instructor, gave rise to the thirty-seven qualities conducive to awakening and actualized his own awakening. He then thought, ‘I promised to share any such attainment with my sister, so I must do so.’

1.375“Great persons teach the Dharma through their actions and not their words. So, out of the great love and compassion Śūrpī felt, like a swan spreading its wings, he flew up into the sky above and began to miraculously invoke flashes and bursts of light, clouds and lightning. Now, because ordinary beings are swift to pay heed to miracles, Sūkṣmā dropped like a felled tree at the pratyekabuddha’s feet and said, ‘Noble one! Have you found such a store of qualities?’

“ ‘I have.’

1.376“ ‘Noble one, accept these alms. I seek merit, so please stay here and let me provide you all the provisions you need.’

“ ‘Sister, first ask your husband.’

1.377“She went to the brahmin, her husband, and said, ‘Son of a lord, my brother has gone forth, accomplished his vow, and become a great being. Please allow him to stay and I will offer him all the provisions he needs.’

“Her husband replied, ‘If I give to laymen without being asked, why would I not give to a renunciant [F.42.a] who has lived up to his vows and become a saint? Go, do as you please and offer him all the provisions he needs.’

1.378“After three months, during which she offered the pratyekabuddha all the provisions he needed, she offered him a piece of cotton cloth large enough to be worn as a robe, a needle, a razor, and thread. He accepted the cotton cloth, needle, razor, and thread, and began to cut the cloth in front of her. As he sharpened the razor’s blade, Sūkṣmā prostrated at his feet and said this prayer: ‘Just as this razor’s blade becomes sharper and sharper, may these roots of virtue sharpen my intellect.’

1.379“The pratyekabuddha began to poke holes with the needle and as the needle made finer and finer holes, Sūkṣmā prostrated at his feet and said this prayer: ‘Just as this needle pokes finer and finer holes, may these roots of virtue refine my intellect.’

1.380“The pratyekabuddha began to sew with the thread and as the thread passed through the cloth unhindered, Sūkṣmā prostrated at his feet and said this prayer: ‘Just as this thread passes unhindered through cloth, may these roots of virtue help me develop an incisive intellect.’

1.381“Monks, at that time the monk Śāriputra was the brahmin’s daughter Sūkṣmā. That action of making offerings and prayers to the pratyekabuddha ripened so that now his intellect is sharp, fine, and incisive.

“Monks, the ripened fruits of wholly negative actions are wholly negative, and the ripened fruits of mixed actions are mixed, but the ripened fruits of wholly positive actions are wholly positive.

1.382“Monks, therefore abandon wholly negative and mixed actions and seek wholly positive actions. [F.42.b] Monks, this is how you should train.”

1.383Still in doubt, the monks questioned him who severs all doubts, the Blessed Buddha, “Reverend, what has the venerable Śāriputra done that the ripened fruit of his action has led to his birth into a family that is neither extremely rich nor extremely poor, but into a family of moderate means with many renunciants?”

1.384The Blessed One replied, “Monks, Śāriputra himself discovered the store of action, mastered conditions, tended to them as one does an irrigation channel, and emerged without indecision. He himself acted and accumulated this store, and so no one else experiences Śāriputra’s actions and accumulations for themselves. Monks, actions and accumulations do not ripen upon the external elements. They do not ripen upon the element of water, upon the element of fire, nor upon the element of wind. Virtuous and nonvirtuous actions performed and accumulated come to ripen upon the aggregates, elements, and seats of the senses of the one who performed them:

1.386“Monks, long ago a king who lived in a remote mountain range took a wife of equal caste and together they played with, took pleasure in, and amused one another. From their play, pleasure, and amusement, there came a boy, whom they nurtured and raised until he grew into a man. Seeing that his father ruled in ways compatible with the principles of justice, the boy thought, ‘When my father passes, I will become king. If I exercise my royal authority in ways compatible with the principles of justice, in a later life I will go to hell.’

1.387“He went to the king and said, ‘Father, grant me leave. I wish to go forth in the well-proclaimed Dharma and Vinaya.’

“The king [F.43.a] replied, ‘Son, the royal authority, for which you have made offerings to the gods, performed fire pūja, and suffered through austerities, is within reach. Having been born into a caste borne about by elephants, why would you renounce it?’

“And with that his father refused to let him go forth.

1.388“Some time later, the boy set out, riding astride the neck of an elephant, when he saw a poor man on his begging rounds holding a staff and a broken beggar’s bowl. The prince went to him and said, ‘Householder, because I was born into a wealthy family, I could not get consent to go forth. You are poor, so why have you not joined such an order?’

“ ‘Prince,’ he replied, ‘how could I go forth if I don’t have a begging bowl or robes?’

“ ‘Good man, come,’ said the prince. ‘I will give you a begging bowl and robes.’

1.389“The prince then took him to the sanctuary of a sage endowed with the five types of heightened awareness. The prince got down from his perch atop the elephant’s neck and said calmly, ‘Sir, this noble son wishes to go forth. Allow him to do so, and I shall provide his begging bowl and robes.’

1.390“So the sage allowed the beggar to go forth. The prince then washed a begging bowl and had robes cut, sewn, and dyed. He handed them over to the former beggar and said, ‘Noble one, should you attain even the slightest store of qualities, you must tell me.’

1.391“He promised the prince he would do so and went off into the wilds. Without a preceptor or instructor, he gave rise to the thirty-seven qualities conducive to awakening and actualized his own awakening. He then thought, ‘This small store of qualities I have attained, I have attained with the help of the prince. I promised to share any such attainment with him, so I must do so.’

1.392“Great persons [F.43.b] teach the Dharma through their actions and not their words. So out of the great love and compassion he felt, like a swan spreading its wings, he flew up into the sky above and miraculously invoked flashes and bursts of light, clouds and lightning. Now, because ordinary beings are swift to pay heed to miracles, the prince dropped like a felled tree at the pratyekabuddha’s feet and said, ‘Noble one! Have you found such a store of qualities?’

‘I have.’

1.393“The prince thought, ‘If the small store of qualities this noble being has attained, he has attained with my help, then this noble being’s failure to get consent to go forth was due to his birth into a lowly family like his. My own failure to get consent to go forth was due to my birth into a high family such as mine.’

“With that thought, he prostrated at the pratyekabuddha’s feet and made this prayer:

1.395“Monks, the monk Śāriputra was at that time the prince. That action of making offerings and prayers to the pratyekabuddha ripened so that now he was not born into too rich a family, nor into too poor a family, but rather into a family of moderate means in which there were many renunciants.

“Monks, thus the ripened fruits of wholly negative actions are wholly negative while the ripened fruits of wholly positive actions are wholly positive and the ripened fruits of mixed actions are mixed.

1.396“Monks, therefore abandon wholly negative and mixed actions and seek wholly positive actions. [F.44.a] Monks, this is how you should train.”

1.397Still in doubt, the monks questioned him who severs all doubts, the Blessed Buddha, “Reverend, what has the venerable Śāriputra done that the ripened fruit of his action has led him to be singled out by the Blessed One as the foremost of those with great wisdom and the foremost of those with great confident eloquence?”

1.398The Blessed One replied, “It is the prayers he made. What did he pray for? Monks, long ago during this fortunate eon, when the lifespan of beings was twenty thousand years, the blessed Buddha Kāśyapa appeared in the world, a teacher, a tathāgata, an arhat, a perfectly awakened buddha, a knowledgeable and venerable one, a sugata, one who knew the world, an unsurpassed guide who tamed beings, a teacher to gods and men, who lived and dwelt in the Ṛṣipatana Deer Park near Vārāṇasī.

1.399“A monk, he who would later become Śāriputra, went forth into Kāśyapa’s teachings and was singled out by the tathāgata, the arhat, the perfectly awakened Buddha Kāśyapa as the foremost of those with great wisdom and the foremost of those with great confident eloquence.

1.400“He lived the holy life for the rest of his days, but he did not attain any store of qualities. Later, as he was dying, he made this prayer: ‘Although I have spent my entire life living the holy life under Kāśyapa, an arhat, a blessed tathāgata, a perfectly awakened buddha and unsurpassed object of veneration, I have not attained any store of qualities. May the roots of virtue, accumulated through living the holy life for my entire lifetime, ensure that I may go forth into the teachings of Buddha Śākyamuni, about whom the arhat and blessed tathāgata and perfectly awakened Buddha Kāśyapa has prophesied to the young brahmin Uttara, saying, ‘Young brahmin, in the future, when the lifespan of beings is one hundred years, you will become the tathāgata, the arhat, the perfectly awakened Buddha, [F.44.b] the knowledgeable and venerable one, the sugata, the one who knows the world, the unsurpassed guide who tames beings, the teacher to gods and men known as the Blessed Buddha Śākyamuni,’ and that I may go on to abandon all disturbing emotions and actualize arhatship. And just as I, this preceptor, was singled out by the tathāgata, the arhat, and perfectly awakened Buddha Kāśyapa as the wisest of the wise and the most confident of the confident, may I too be singled out by the blessed sage of the Śākyas, lion of the Śākyas, king of the Śākyas, as the foremost of those with great wisdom and the foremost of those with great confident eloquence.’

1.401“Because of that prayer, Śāriputra has now been singled out by the Tathāgata as the foremost of those with great wisdom and the foremost of those with great confident eloquence.”

1.402“Reverend, what has the venerable, the great Maudgalyāyana done that the ripened fruit of his action has led to him being the most powerful and the greatest miracle worker?”

The Blessed One replied, “Monks, Maudgalyāyana himself discovered the store of action, mastered conditions, tended to them as one does an irrigation channel, and emerged without indecision. He himself acted and accumulated thus, so no one else experiences Maudgalyāyana’s actions and accumulations for themselves. Monks, actions and accumulations do not ripen upon the external elements, the element of water, the element of fire, nor upon the element of wind. The virtuous and nonvirtuous actions performed and accumulated come to ripen upon the aggregates, elements and seats of the senses of the one who performed them:

1.404“Monks, long ago, in a sanctuary not very far from the city of Vārāṇasī, there lived a sage who personified loving kindness. Endowed with compassion, he was kind to all sentient beings. One day, a poor man arrived at the sanctuary carrying a bundle of wood. The sage saw him put down his bundle of wood before sitting down to rest. Feeling compassion for him, he thought, ‘He has been born a human, but because of faults committed in the past, this afflicted man must struggle very hard to make a living. I shall allow his going forth.’

1.405“The sage called out, ‘Son, who are you?’

“ ‘Noble one, I am a poor man who makes his living from wood.’

“ ‘Well then, why do you not go forth?’

“ ‘Noble one, if I am a poor man who must work very hard to forge a living by selling wood, who would allow me to go forth?’

1.406“Because the sage was the very personification of loving kindness, he felt tremendous compassion for the man and asked, ‘Son, do you wish to go forth?’

“ ‘Noble one, I want to go forth, so I ask that you, out of compassion, allow me.’

1.407“The sage allowed him to go forth, then washed a begging bowl and dyed robes and gave them to him, saying, ‘Good man, should you attain even the slightest store of qualities, you must tell me.’

1.408“The man promised to do so and he went off into the wilds. Without a preceptor or instructor, he gave rise to the thirty-seven qualities conducive to awakening and actualized his own awakening. Then he thought, ‘I promised to share any such attainment with that sage, so I must do so.’

1.409“Great persons teach the Dharma through their actions and not their words. So out of the great love and compassion he felt, [F.45.b] like a swan spreading its wings, he flew up into the sky above and miraculously invoked flashes and bursts of light, clouds and lightning. As ordinary beings are swift to pay heed to miracles, the sage dropped like a felled tree at the pratyekabuddha’s feet and said, ‘Noble one! Have you found such a store of qualities?’

“ ‘I have.’

1.410“The sage thought, ‘The small store of qualities this noble being has attained, he has attained with my help,’ and with that he prostrated at the pratyekabuddha’s feet and made this prayer, ‘Just as this noble being is powerful and a great miracle worker, through these roots of virtue may I too become powerful and a great miracle worker.’

1.411“The ripened fruits of wholly negative actions are wholly negative, while the ripened fruits of wholly positive actions are wholly positive, and the ripened fruits of mixed actions are mixed.

“Monks, therefore abandon wholly negative and mixed actions and seek wholly positive actions. Monks, this is how you should train.” [B5]

1.412In doubt, the monks questioned him who severs all doubts, the Blessed Buddha, “Reverend, what is it that the venerable, the great Maudgalyāyana has done, that the ripened fruit of his action has led the Blessed One to declare him to be the foremost of great miracle workers and of those with great power?” [F.46.a]

1.413The Blessed One replied, “It is the prayers he made. What did he pray for? Monks, long ago during this fortunate eon, when the lifespan of beings was twenty thousand years, the blessed Buddha Kāśyapa appeared in the world, a teacher, a tathāgata, an arhat, a perfectly awakened buddha, a knowledgeable and venerable one, a sugata, one who knew the world, an unsurpassed guide who tamed beings, a teacher to gods and men, who lived and dwelt in the Ṛṣipatana Deer Park near Vārāṇasī.

“A monk, he who would later become Maudgalyāyana, went forth into Buddha Kāśyapa’s teachings and was singled out by the tathāgata, the arhat, the perfectly awakened Buddha Kāśyapa as the foremost of great miracle workers and of those with great power.

1.414“He lived the holy life for the rest of his days, but he did not attain any store of qualities. Later, as he was dying, he made this prayer: ‘I have spent my entire life living the holy life under Kāśyapa, the blessed tathāgata, the arhat, and perfectly awakened Buddha and unsurpassed object of veneration, but I have not attained any store of qualities. May the roots of virtue accumulated through living the holy life for my entire lifetime ensure that I may go forth into the teachings of Buddha Śākyamuni, about whom the blessed tathāgata and perfectly awakened Buddha Kāśyapa has prophesied to the young brahmin Uttara, saying ‘Young brahmin, in the future, when the lifespan of beings is one hundred years, you will become the tathāgata, the arhat, the perfectly awakened buddha, the knowledgeable and venerable one, the sugata, the one who knows the world, the unsurpassed guide who tames beings, the teacher to gods and men known as the Blessed Buddha Śākyamuni,’ and that I may go on to abandon all disturbing emotions and actualize arhatship. [F.46.b] And just as I, this preceptor, was singled out by the tathāgata, the arhat, and perfectly awakened Buddha Kāśyapa as the most powerful of the powerful and the greatest of miracle workers, may I too be singled out by the blessed sage of the Śākyas, lion of the Śākyas, king of the Śākyas, as the foremost of great miracle workers and the foremost of those with great power.’

1.415“Because of that prayer, Maudgalyāyana has now been singled out by the Tathāgata as the foremost of foremost of great miracle workers and the foremost of those with great power.”

1.416Still in doubt, the monks questioned him who severs all doubts, the Blessed Buddha, “Reverend, what is it that the venerable Koṣṭhila has done, that the ripened fruit of his action has led him to be singled out by the Blessed One as the foremost among those who have attained discerning wisdom?”

1.417The Blessed One replied, “It is the prayers he made. What did he pray for? Monks, long ago during this fortunate eon, when the lifespan of beings was twenty thousand years, the blessed Buddha Kāśyapa appeared in the world, a teacher, a tathāgata, an arhat, a perfectly awakened buddha, a knowledgeable and venerable one, a sugata, one who knew the world, an unsurpassed guide who tamed beings, a teacher to gods and men, who lived and dwelt in the Ṛṣipatana Deer Park near Vārāṇasī.

1.418“A monk, he who would later become Koṣṭhila, went forth into Buddha Kāśyapa’s teachings and was singled out by the tathāgata, the arhat, the perfectly awakened Buddha Kāśyapa as foremost among those who have attained discerning wisdom.

1.419“He lived the holy life for the rest of his days, but he did not attain any store of qualities. Later, as he was dying, he made this prayer: ‘I have spent my entire life living the holy life under Kāśyapa, the blessed tathāgata, the arhat, and perfectly awakened [F.47.a] Buddha, and unsurpassed object of veneration, but I have not attained any store of qualities. May the roots of virtue accumulated through living the holy life for my entire lifetime ensure that I may go forth into the teachings of Buddha Śākyamuni, about whom the blessed tathāgata, the arhat, and perfectly awakened Buddha Kāśyapa has prophesied to the young brahmin Uttara, saying, ‘Young brahmin, in the future, when the lifespan of beings is one hundred years, you will become the tathāgata, the arhat, the perfectly awakened Buddha, the knowledgeable and venerable one, the sugata, the one who knows the world, the unsurpassed guide who tames beings, the teacher to gods and men known as the blessed Buddha Śākyamuni,’ and that I may go on to abandon all disturbing emotions and actualize arhatship. And just as this preceptor was singled out by the tathāgata and perfectly awakened Buddha Kāśyapa as foremost among those who have attained discerning wisdom, may I too be singled out by the blessed sage of the Śākyas, lion of the Śākyas, king of the Śākyas, as foremost among those who have attained discerning wisdom.’

1.420“Because of that prayer, he has now been singled out by the Tathāgata as foremost among those who have attained discerning wisdom.”

Granting Ordination

1.421In the time of the Blessed Buddha, one received the going forth, ordination, and monkhood in the well-proclaimed Dharma and Vinaya in the following way: the Blessed Buddha allowed the postulants’ going forth and ordained them with the words, “Come, monk.” Thus when a person approached a monk with the wish to go forth, the postulant was led before the Blessed One, knowing that when the Blessed One said, “Come, monk,” he received the going forth, ordination, and monkhood in the well-proclaimed Dharma and Vinaya. [F.47.b]

1.422However, there came a case in which one postulant, while coming to see the Blessed One, died on the way and thus was prevented from receiving the going forth, ordination, and monkhood in the well-proclaimed Dharma and Vinaya. When the monks asked the Blessed One about it, he thought, “Alas! For those disciples who live a great distance away, the journey can be arduous.” He then said, “In light of what has happened, from this day forward, I permit the saṅgha to allow going forth and grant ordination.”

The Early Rite

1.423Although the Blessed One had decreed, “The saṅgha should allow going forth and grant ordination,” they did not know how to do that. So the monks asked the Blessed One about it, and he said, “If a person approaches a monk wishing to go forth, the monk should accept him. Once this is done and the entire saṅgha has assembled, the postulant should don the robes and prostrate to his seniors. The postulant should then kneel with palms joined and ask the saṅgha three times, after which the monk petitioner makes a motion to ratify the motion. The postulant’s going forth is allowed and he is ordained the moment this very act whose fourth member is a motion is accepted.”

The postulant’s request

1.424The postulant would make the following request:

“Revered saṅgha, please listen. I, [postulant’s name], ask the saṅgha to allow my going forth and grant ordination into the monkhood. [F.48.a] I ask that the compassionate and reverend saṅgha, out of compassion, allow my going forth and confer ordination on me.”

1.425This would be repeated a second and a third time.

The monk’s request

1.426After that, one monk would act on the request. While seated he would say the following:

“Revered saṅgha, please listen. [Postulant’s name] has asked the saṅgha to allow his going forth and grant ordination into the monkhood. If the time is right and the saṅgha can accept it, I ask that the saṅgha grant their consent. I ask that the saṅgha allow [postulant’s name] to go forth and grant him ordination.”

Acting on the motion

1.427The request would be acted on in the following way:

“Revered saṅgha, please listen. [Postulant’s name] has asked the saṅgha to allow his going forth and grant ordination into the monkhood. If the saṅgha allows his going forth and grants ordination, then I ask that any who can allow the going forth of the venerable [postulant’s name] and his ordination remain silent. I ask that any who cannot accept it speak up.”

1.428After the first motion to act, the motion would be repeated a second and a third time. The saṅgha would acknowledge its acceptance and give its consent that the going forth of such and such a monk be allowed and that he be granted ordination by remaining silent.

1.429Thus went the Early Rite.

Preceptors and Instructors

1.430Because those whose going forth was allowed and who were ordained under the Early Rite had no preceptor or instructor, they would go to the homes of brahmins and householders without being well washed or well dressed, while speaking shrilly and in loud voices, and behaving wildly. While there, they would beg for food, implore others to beg for food, grovel for soup, implore others to grovel for soup, and do still more that went against the teachings. [F.48.b]

This prompted tīrthikas, knowledgeable men, and others to criticize, disparage, and slander them. They would say, “Since these ascetic sons of the Śākya have no preceptor and no instructor, they go to the houses of brahmins and householders without being well washed or well dressed, while speaking shrilly and in loud voices, and behaving wildly. While there, they beg for food, implore others to beg for food, grovel for soup, and implore others to grovel for soup. Who would give these shaven-headed ascetics alms or think to help them?”

1.431One sick monk even died for lack of someone to nurse him. When that occurred, the monks asked the Blessed One about it, and the Blessed One thought, “I should permit my disciples to act as preceptors and instructors, so that they may allow others to go forth and care for the sick among them.”

1.432The Blessed One proclaimed, “After considering the matter, I permit preceptors and instructors to allow going forth and grant ordination.”

When the Blessed One had permitted preceptors and instructors to allow going forth and grant ordination, the monks found themselves in a quandary, for they did not know what serving as a preceptor or instructor entailed.

1.433So the Blessed One proclaimed, “There are five types of instructors and two types of preceptors. What are these five types of instructors? They are instructors of novices, privy advisors, officiants, givers of instruction, and recitation instructors. What is an instructor of novices? He is one who grants refuge and the foundations of the training. What is a privy advisor? He is one who inquires into private matters. What is an officiant? He is one who moves to act upon an act whose fourth member is a motion. What is a giver of refuge? He is one in whose presence you stay even for a single day. [F.49.a] What is a recitation instructor? He is one who recites even a single verse of four lines three times, which you then repeat. What are the two types of preceptor? They are those who allow going forth and those who grant ordination.”

The Present Day Ordination Rite

1.434When the Blessed One permitted preceptors and instructors to allow going forth and grant ordination, the monks found themselves in a quandary, for they did not know how to do that. So the Blessed One proclaimed, “If someone approaches you with the wish to go forth, you should ascertain whether he has any impediments by questioning him. Having ascertained this, he should be given the layperson’s vows by having him go for refuge to the Three Jewels and promise to live as a lay brother.”

Giving the layperson’s vows and refuge precepts

How to give the layperson’s vows

1.435This is how to give the layperson’s vows. First, the postulant should prostrate to the Teacher. Then, once he has been made to prostrate, have him kneel before the instructor, join his palms together, and say:

1.436“Reverend, heed me. I, [postulant’s name], will henceforth, for as long as I live, seek refuge in the Buddha, supreme among men; I will seek refuge in the Dharma, supreme among all that is free from attachment; I will seek refuge in the Saṅgha, supreme among communities. For as long as I live, I ask that you, reverend, accept me as a lay brother.”

1.437The postulant repeats this a second and a third time, but in the third recitation, should say “instructor.” The instructor then says:

“This is the method.”

1.438At which point the lay vow holder says:

“It is excellent.”

1.439That is the giving of the layperson’s vows.

Pledging to keep the precepts

1.440The postulant then expresses his commitment to the precepts with the following words:

“Instructor, heed me. Just as noble arhats renounced killing and swore to refrain from killing for as long as they lived, so do I, [F.49.b] [postulant’s name], henceforth, for as long as I live, renounce killing and swear to refrain from killing. With this first branch, I pledge to train in, practice, and act upon the precepts of those noble arhats. Furthermore, noble arhats renounced and swore to refrain from stealing, sexual misconduct, lying, and intoxicating substances like grain alcohol and its by-products, which leave one uninhibited. Just so do I, [postulant’s name], too, for as long as I live, renounce and swear to refrain from stealing, sexual misconduct, lying, and intoxicating substances like grain alcohol and its by-products, which leave one uninhibited. With this, the fifth branch, I pledge to train in, practice, and act upon the precepts of those noble arhats.”

1.441The instructor then says:

“This is the method.”

1.442At which point the lay vow holder says:

“It is excellent.”

1.443This completes the layperson’s induction rite.

Going forth

Informing the saṅgha of the wish to go forth

1.444The postulant should then be directed to the monk petitioner. The monk petitioner asks the preceptor:

“Have you inquired into the private matters?”

A breach occurs if he makes a petition without inquiring.

1.445The monk petitioner then petitions the saṅgha in the following way. Having laid out sitting mats, he strikes the gaṇḍī beam. Once he has informed the monks with a response to their queries, the entire saṅgha sits; either together in consensus or each in his own dwelling. The postulant is then made to prostrate to the seniormost in the saṅgha before taking his place in a kneeling position, [F.50.a] with palms pressed together. The monk petitioner then addresses the saṅgha with these words:

1.446“I ask you, reverend saṅgha, to listen. The postulant [postulant’s name] has asked the preceptor [preceptor’s name] to allow his going forth. He wants to leave the householder’s life, with its white clothes and unshaven head and face, and go forth in the well-proclaimed Dharma and Vinaya. [Postulant’s name] wants to go forth and, having shaven head and face, to don the saffron robes. He wants to go forth from home into homelessness under the guidance of this preceptor [preceptor’s name] so that he may rely solely on what is right. And if indeed he too is without impediments, should he be allowed to go forth?”

1.447The whole saṅgha should reply:

“If he is without impediment, he should be allowed.”

If they say that, then all is well. A breach occurs if they do not.

1.448That is how one informs the saṅgha of the wish to go forth.

Requesting the preceptor

1.449Next, a request is made to the preceptor. The request should be made in the following way. The postulant is made to prostrate to and then kneel before the preceptor. With palms pressed together, he should say:

“Instructor, heed me. I, [postulant’s name], ask you, instructor, to serve as preceptor. Instructor, please act as my preceptor. Instructor, as preceptor, please allow my going forth.”

1.450He repeats this a second and a third time, but the third time he should say “preceptor” in place of “instructor.” The preceptor then says:

“This is the method.”

To which the person wishing to go forth says:

“It is excellent.”

1.451That is the request to the preceptor.

1.452The postulant should then be entrusted to a monk who will shave the postulant’s hair and beard. The Blessed One decreed, “Do not shave off all of his hair but rather leave a tuft of hair at his crown.” So, after shaving off nearly all the postulant’s hair, the monk should ask the postulant:

“Shall I cut this tuft?” [F.50.b]

If he answers “No, do not cut it,” then tell him to go.

But if he answers “Yes, I am happy for you to do so,” then cut it.

1.453The postulant is then made to bathe. If the weather is cold, he may bathe with warm water. If the weather is warm, he should bathe with cold water.

1.454The preceptor should then give him a begging bowl and saffron robes, which he accepts after bowing at the preceptor’s feet. The preceptor should then dress the postulant, checking to ensure he is not a person without genitalia, a person with two sets of genitalia, or a person with a fistula.

1.455The Blessed One decreed that postulants should be examined, but the embarrassment that the monks’ examination caused to the naked and exposed postulants prompted the Blessed One to decree, “Do not examine him while naked. Examine him without his knowing, while he is putting on the under robe.”

1.456That is how the first part of the ceremony should be performed.

Allowing the postulant’s going forth

1.457Then the postulant should be inducted as a renunciant by first going for refuge. This is how he should be inducted.

The postulant is first made to prostrate to the Teacher. Then he is made to prostrate to the preceptor and kneel before him. Having pressed his palms together, he should say:

1.458“Preceptor, heed me. I, [postulant’s name], will henceforth, for as long as I live, seek refuge in the Buddha, supreme among men; I will seek refuge in the Dharma, supreme among all that is free from attachment; I will seek refuge in the Saṅgha, supreme among communities. Following the example of going forth set by the Blessed One, the tathāgata, the arhat, the perfectly complete Buddha Śākyamuni, the lion of the Śākyas, the king of the Śākyas, I, in going forth, renounce the tokens of the householder life and embrace the tokens of the renunciant life.”

1.459He repeats this a second and a third time. The preceptor then says:

“This is the method.” [F.51.a]

At which point the renunciant says:

“It is excellent.”

1.460That is the induction as a renunciant.

Becoming a novice

Inducting the postulant into the novitiate

1.461The postulant is then directed to the monk who will induct him into the novitiate. He again asks the preceptor whether the postulant is without impediments, and if, upon asking, he is, he should be inducted into the novitiate by going for refuge and promising to live as a novice.

1.462The postulant should be inducted into the novitiate in the following way. The postulant is first made to prostrate to the Teacher. Then he is made to prostrate to and kneel before the instructor. Then, with his palms pressed together, he should say :

1.463“Reverend, heed me. I, [postulant’s name], will henceforth, for as long as I live, seek refuge in the Buddha, supreme among men; I will seek refuge in the Dharma, supreme among pure doctrines; I will seek refuge in the Saṅgha, supreme among communities. I ask that you, reverend, accept me as a novice for as long as I live.”

The postulant repeats this a second and a third time, but the third time he says “instructor” in place of “reverend.” The instructor then says:

1.464“This is the method.”

At which point the novice says:

“It is excellent.”

1.465That is the giving of the novice vow.

Marking the time

1.466Then, any monk other than the instructor should consult the sundial and announce the gnomon, the root, the time of day or night, and the season.

The novice investiture

1.467The novice should then promises to keep the precepts by reciting them. This should be done in the following way:

“Instructor, heed me. Just as noble arhats renounced and swore off killing for as long as they lived, so do I, [novice’s name], henceforth, for as long as I live, renounce and swear to refrain from killing. [F.51.b] With this first branch, I pledge to train in, practice, and act upon the precepts of those noble arhats. Furthermore, noble arhats renounced stealing, sexual misconduct, lying, intoxicating substances like grain alcohol and its by-products which leave one uninhibited, singing, dancing, music, garlands, perfumes, jewelry, cosmetics, tall seating, grand seating, untimely eating, and accepting gold and silver, and thus ceased accepting gold and silver. Just so, henceforth, for as long as I live, so too do I, [novice’s name], renounce stealing, sexual misconduct, lying, intoxicating substances like grain alcohol and its by-products which leave one uninhibited, singing, dancing, music, garlands, perfumes, jewelry, cosmetics, tall seating, grand seating, untimely eating, and accepting gold and silver; thus will I cease to accept gold and silver. With these ten branches, I too pledge to train in, practice, and act upon the precepts of those noble arhats.”

1.468The instructor then says:

“This is the method.”

1.469At which point the novice says:

“It is excellent.”

1.470That marks the end of the rite of induction into the novitiate.

Granting ordination

The opening occasion

1.471Then, if the novice has reached the age of twenty, the preceptor should give him his begging bowl and robes and request the presence of a monk officiant. The preceptor should also request the presence of the monk who will serve as privy advisor, and that of any other monk who will enter the ceremony site.

1.472When the monks are seated and have a quorum, they should each individually investigate whether they have incurred any faults in the past half a month that need to be restrained, confessed, [F.52.a] or excused. Recognizing those faults, they should make amends by resolving to restrain themselves, confessing them, or having them excused before taking their places.

1.473All of the saṅgha then take their places in concord or in an inner circle. In the Middle Country, a quorum of ten monks is needed. In outlying areas, if there are no other monks, then a Vinaya master and a quorum of five will suffice. The ordinand should first prostrate to the Teacher, then prostate three times to each monk. Either of the two types of prostration‍—bowing prostrate with all four limbs and head, or a kneeling bow‍—is permissible.

1.474This is how the opening occasion is conducted.

Requesting the preceptor

1.475Then, a request should be made to the preceptor. The request is made in the following way. The ordinand should be made to prostrate to the preceptor and then squat before him, with his two heels pressed to a grass mat on bricks so as to relieve pressure on the nerves. Pressing his palms together, he should say, employing whichever address is appropriate‍—“Preceptor” if addressing the preceptor, “Instructor” if addressing the instructor, or “Reverend” if addressing a monk:

1.476“Reverend, heed me. I, [ordinand’s name], ask you, reverend, to serve as preceptor. Reverend, please act as my preceptor. Reverend, please grant me ordination.”

This is repeated a second and a third time, but the third time he says “preceptor” in place of “instructor” or “reverend.” The preceptor then says:

“This is the method.”

1.477At which point the ordinand says:

“It is excellent.”

1.478That is the request to the preceptor.

Taking possession of robes that have already been cut and sewn

1.479The preceptor himself should then take possession of the three robes for the ordinand. It is best if the ordinand has a set of robes already cut and sewn, in which case they are sanctioned as follows. Each of the three robes are folded and laid over the ordinand’s left shoulder, after which both preceptor and ordinand rise. [F.52.b] They both take the robe called the “mantle” in their hands, and the novice says:

“Preceptor, heed me. This is my, [ordinand’s name]’s, robe, woven, good, right, and fit to wear. I take possession of this robe as a mantle.”

1.480The ordinand repeats this a second and a third time. The preceptor should then say:

“This is the method.”

1.481At which point the ordinand says:

“It is excellent.”

1.482After that, he takes the upper robe in his hands and says:

“Preceptor, heed me. This is my, [ordinand’s name]’s, robe, woven, good, right, and fit to wear. I take possession of this robe as an upper robe.”

1.483This is repeated a second and a third time. The preceptor should then say:

“This is the method.”

1.484At which point the ordinand says:

“It is excellent.”

1.485Next, he takes the lower robe in his hands and says:

“Preceptor, heed me. This is my, [ordinand’s name]’s, robe, woven, good, right, and fit to wear. I take possession of this robe as a lower robe.”

1.486This is repeated a second and a third time. The preceptor should then:

“This is the method.”

1.487At which point the student says:

“It is excellent.”

1.488After that, the ordinand should put the robes on, along with the mantle if there is one, and prostrate to the saṅgha that has assembled to ordain him. That is how the ordinand should take possession of robes that have already been cut and sewn.

Taking possession of robes that have not already been cut and sewn

1.489If the ordinand’s robes have not already been cut and sewn, the ordinand should take possession of the materials in the following way. The materials for the three robes should be folded separately and laid on the student’s left shoulder, after which the ordinand and the preceptor both rise. They both take the material for the robe called the mantle in their hands, and the ordinand should say:

1.490“Preceptor, heed me. I take possession of this, my, [ordinand’s name]’s, Dharma robe, as a mantle. If you wish, I will divide it into nine or more patches and those into sections of two and a half and more. [F.53.a] If not prevented from doing so, I will wash them, lay them out, cut them, piece them together, stitch them, sew them together, and dye them. Or, I will patch additional pieces onto this. As circumstances allow, this robe will be right and fit to wear.”

1.491This is repeated a second and a third time. The preceptor should then say:

“This is the method.”

1.492At which point the student says:

“It is excellent.”

1.493After that, they both take the material for the upper robe in their hands, and the ordinand should say:

“Preceptor, heed me. I take possession of this, my, [ordinand’s name]’s, robe, as an upper robe. If you please, I will divide it into seven patches and those into sections of two and a half. If not prevented from doing so, I will wash them, lay them out, cut them, piece them together, stitch them, sew them together, and dye them. Or, I will patch additional pieces onto this. As circumstance allows, this robe will be right and fit to wear.”

1.494This is repeated a second and a third time. The preceptor should then say:

“This is the method.”

1.495At which point the student says:

“It is excellent.”

1.496Next, they both take the material for the lower robe in their hands, and the ordinand should say:

“Preceptor, heed me. I take possession of this, my, [ordinand’s name]’s, robe, as a lower robe. If you please, I will divide it into five patches and those into sections of two and a half. If not prevented from doing so, I will wash them, lay them out, cut them, piece them together, stitch them, sew them together, and dye them. Or, I will patch additional pieces onto this. As circumstances allow, this Dharma robe will be right and fit to wear.”

1.497This is repeated a second and a third time. The preceptor should then say:

“This is the method.”

1.498At which point the student says:

“It is excellent.”

1.499That is the taking possession of robes that have not already been cut and sewn.

Displaying the begging bowl

1.500Then the begging bowl should be shown. It should be shown in the following way. One monk [F.53.b] places the begging bowl in his left hand and covers it with his right hand, then bows to each of the monks, starting with the seniormost, and as he stands before them, he should ask the following question:

“Reverend or venerable, heed me. Venerable [monk’s name], is this begging bowl too small, too large, or too pale?”

1.501If all the monks agree the begging bowl is none of those, they should each say:

“The begging bowl is fine.”

If they should say that, then all is well. A breach occurs if they do not say that.

1.502That is the showing of the begging bowl.

Taking possession of the begging bowl

1.503Then, the preceptor himself should take possession of the begging bowl for the ordinand. He should do so in the following way. Both rise, and the ordinand places the begging bowl in his left hand while he covers it with his right hand and says the following:

“Preceptor, heed me. This is my, [ordinand’s name]’s, begging bowl, fit to eat from. I take possession of this sage’s bowl as a container for alms begged.”

1.504This is repeated a second and a third time. The preceptor then says:

“This is the method.”

1.505At which point the student says:

“It is excellent.”

1.506That is the taking possession of the begging bowl.

The privy advisor’s expression of willingness

1.507He is made to join his palms and stand facing the assembly.

1.508The monk officiant should then ask the monk who will serve as privy advisor:

“Who has the preceptor [preceptor’s name] asked to serve as privy advisor to this ordinand [ordinand’s name]?”

1.509Whoever was named privy advisor responds:

“It is I, [privy advisor’s name].”

The monk officiant should then ask the monk who will serve as privy advisor:

1.510“Are you, [inquistor’s name], willing to inquire into the private matters of this ordinand [ordinand’s name] at the behest of the preceptor [preceptor’s name]?”

He should respond by saying:

“I am willing to do so.”

1.511That is the privy advisor’s expression of willingness.

The motion to act as privy advisor

1.512The monk officiant next [F.54.a] makes an act of motion alone so that the monk who will serve as privy advisor may question the student about impediments.

1.513This is how that is done. While seated, he should say the following:

“Reverend saṅgha, please listen. This monk, [privy advisor’s name], is willing to serve as privy advisor to the ordinand [ordinand’s name], at the behest of the preceptor [preceptor’s name]. If that is so, and the time is right and the saṅgha can accept it, I ask that the saṅgha grant their permission. This monk, [privy advisor’s name], shall act as privy advisor to the ordinand [ordinand’s name] at the behest of the preceptor [preceptor’s name].”

1.514This is the motion. That is the act that moves to appoint the privy advisor.

The inquiry into private matters

1.515The monk who is serving as privy advisor then leaves the inner circle. The ordinand is made to prostrate to and kneel before him. When he has joined his palms, the privy advisor should say:

1.516“Listen, venerable. It is time for you to be truthful. It is time for you to be forthcoming. I shall ask you a few questions. Do not be apprehensive. Answer simply by saying what is so is so, and what is not is not. Are you a male?”

1.517The postulant responds:

“I am a male.”

1.518The privy advisor asks:

“Do you have male organs?”

1.519The postulant responds:

“I do.”

1.520The privy advisor asks:

“Have you reached the age of twenty?”

1.521The postulant responds:

“I have reached that age.”

1.522The privy advisor asks:

“Do you have all three robes and a begging bowl?”

1.523The postulant responds:

“I have them all.”

1.524The privy advisor asks:

“Are your parents still living?”

1.525If the ordinand says his parents are still living, he is then asked:

“Have your parents given you leave?”

1.526The ordinand responds:

“They have given me leave.”

1.527If the ordinand says his parents are deceased, he is asked:

“Are you a bondsman? Are you a captive? Are you a pledge? Are you a pawn? Are you an indentured servant? Are you an officer of the king? Are you a threat to the king? Have you worked to harm the king? Have you worked to harm the king or enlisted others to do so? Are you a known bandit or thief? Are you a person who has undergone castration? [F.54.b] Are you a person labeled a paṇḍaka? Have you violated a nun? Are you an impostor? Are you duplicitous? Have you been ousted? Are you a tīrthika? Are you a convert to a tīrthika order? Are you a patricide? Are you a matricide? Have you killed an arhat? Have you caused a schism in the saṅgha? Have you maliciously drawn blood from a tathāgata? Are you a shape shifter? Are you an animal?”

1.528The ordinand responds:

“No.”

1.529If the ordinand responds that he is not these things, the privy advisor asks him:

“Have you incurred some debts, be they large or small?”

1.530If the ordinand responds “I have incurred some,” the privy advisor asks:

“Are you able to repay them once you have been ordained?”

1.531If the ordinand responds “No, I am unable,” the privy advisor tells him:

“In that case, I ask you to leave.”

1.532If the ordinand responds “I am able to repay them after I have been ordained, the privy advisor asks him:

“Have you gone forth before?”

1.533If the ordinand responds “I have gone forth before,” the privy advisor asks him:

“Did you not transgress and incur one of the four defeats? Did you properly offer back your precepts when you stepped down?”

1.534If the ordinand responds “An offense occurred,” the privy advisor tells him:

“In that case, I ask you to leave.”

1.535If the ordinand responds “No offense occurred,” the privy advisor asks him:

“Have you now gone forth?”

1.536If the ordinand responds “I have gone forth,” the privy advisor asks him:

“Have you properly lived the holy life?”

1.537The ordinand responds:

“I have lived it properly.”

1.538If the ordinand says he has lived the holy life properly, the privy advisor asks him:

“What is your name? What is your preceptor’s name?”

1.539The ordinand responds:

“My name is [ordinand’s name] and my preceptor’s name, who will speak on my behalf, is [preceptor’s name].”

1.540The privy advisor asks him:

“Venerable, please listen. Human bodies are subject to diseases that manifest on the body in these ways: as oozing pustules, large pustules, small pustules, exanthema, leprosy, oozing rashes, dry rashes, welts, scabs, consumption, pulmonary consumption, fits, [F.55.a] anal fistula, fluid retention, elephantiasis, urethral fistula, a latent or raging fever, fevers which last a day, two day fevers, tertian fevers, quartan fevers, complexes, daily fevers, chronic fevers, dissipation, abscesses, vomiting and diarrhea, hiccoughs, coughs, asthma, carbuncles, pain in the extremities, tumors, blood disorders, jaundice, hemorrhoids, nausea, urinary retention, fatigue, pyrexia, arthritis, and bone pain. Do any of these physical conditions or others like them afflict your body?”

1.541The ordinand responds:

“They do not.”

1.542The privy advisor says to him:

“Venerable, listen. The learned fellow brahmacārin will ask the same questions I have just now asked you but in front of the saṅgha community. Once there, do not be apprehensive. Answer simply by saying what is so is so, and what is not is not. Stay here until you are called.”

Reporting the findings

1.543The monk who inquired into private matters then stands before the senior monks, bows, and says the following:

1.544“Venerable saṅgha, please listen. If the preceptor [preceptor’s name] were to again ask the ordinand [ordinand’s name] about the private matters regarding impediments I have inquired into, he too will find that the ordinand is utterly free of impediments. If that is indeed the case, and the ordinand is asked, ‘Which of these do you have?’ he will respond, ‘I have none at all.’ ”

1.545If he says that, then all is well. A breach occurs if he does not say that.

The ordinand’s request for ordination

1.546The ordinand is then brought into the inner circle and prostrates before the seniormost of those gathered. [F.55.b] The monk officiant then prompts him to ask for ordination.

1.547The ordinand first prostrates to the Teacher, then before the seniormost monk. He then squats with his two heels pressed to a grass mat on bricks so as to relieve pressure on the nerves. Joining his palms, he says:

1.548“Venerable saṅgha, please listen. The preceptor, [preceptor’s name], speaking on my, [ordinand’s name], behalf, seeks consent from the saṅgha for ordination. If the saṅgha allows the motion of the preceptor [preceptor’s name], who speaks on my, [ordinand’s name], behalf, I ask that the venerable saṅgha grant me ordination. I ask that the venerable saṅgha guide me. I ask that the venerable saṅgha accept charge of me. I ask that the venerable saṅgha show me the way. I ask that the venerable and compassionate saṅgha, in their compassion, extend their compassion to me.”

1.549That is repeated a second and a third time.

The motion to ask about impediments before the saṅgha

1.550The monk officiant makes an act of motion alone so that the ordinand can be asked before the saṅgha about impediments. While seated, the monk officiant says:

1.551“Venerable saṅgha, please listen. The ordinand [ordinand’s name] seeks consent from the saṅgha to receive ordination from the preceptor [preceptor’s name]. If he has asked the saṅgha to give consent to the preceptor [preceptor’s name] to grant ordination to the ordinand, and if the time is right and the saṅgha can accept it, I ask that the saṅgha grant their consent. Before the saṅgha, I shall ask about the impediments faced by the ordinand [ordinand’s name] who is to be ordained by the preceptor [preceptor’s name].” [F.56.a]

Inquiring into impediments before the Saṅgha

1.552The monk officiant then inquires into impediments before the saṅgha. The ordinand prostrates to the officiant and then squats with his two heels pressed to a grass mat on bricks so as to relieve pressure on the nerves. The ordinand then joins his palms as the monk officiant inquires into impediments.

1.553“Listen, venerable. It is time for you to be truthful. It is time to come forth. I shall ask you a few questions. Do not be apprehensive. Answer simply by saying what is so is so, and what is not is not. Are you a male?”

1.554The postulant responds:

“I am a male.”

The privy advisor asks:

1.555“Do you have male organs?”

The postulant responds:

“I do.”

1.556The privy advisor asks:

“Have you reached the age of twenty?”

The postulant responds:

“I have reached that age.”

1.557The privy advisor asks:

“Do you have all three robes and a begging bowl?”

The postulant responds:

“I have them all.”

1.558The privy advisor asks:

“Are your parents still living?”

If the ordinand says his parents are still living, he is then asked:

“Have your parents given you leave?”

The ordinand responds:

1.559“They have given me leave.”

If the ordinand says his parents are deceased, he is asked:

“Are you a bondsman? Are you a captive? Are you a pledge? Are you a pawn? Are you an indentured servant? Are you an officer of the king? Are you a threat to the king? Have you worked to harm the king? Have you worked to harm the king or enlisted others to do so? Are you a known bandit or thief? Are you a person who has undergone castration? Are you a person labeled a paṇḍaka? Have you violated a nun? Are you an impostor? Are you duplicitous? Have you been ousted? Are you a tīrthika? Are you a convert to a tīrthika order? Are you a patricide? Are you a matricide? Have you killed an arhat? Have you caused a schism in the saṅgha? Have you maliciously drawn blood from a tathāgata? [F.56.b] Are you a shape shifter? Are you an animal?”

1.560The ordinand responds:

“No.”

1.561If the ordinand responds that he is not these things, the privy advisor should ask him:

“Have you incurred some debts, be they large or small?”

1.562If the ordinand responds “I have incurred some,” the privy advisor should ask him:

“Are you able to repay them once you have been ordained?”

If the ordinand responds “No, I am unable,” the privy advisor should tell him:

“In that case, I ask you to leave.”

1.563If the ordinand responds “I am able to repay them after I have been ordained, the privy advisor should ask him:

“Have you gone forth before?”

If the ordinand responds “I have gone forth before,” he privy advisor should ask him:

“Have you incurred an offense of one of the four defeats? Did you properly offer back your precepts when you stepped down?”

1.564If the ordinand responds “An offense occurred,” the privy advisor should tell him:

“In that case, I ask you to leave.”

1.565If the ordinand responds “No offense occurred,” the privy advisor should ask him:

“Have you now gone forth?”

1.566If the ordinand responds “I have gone forth,” the privy advisor should ask him:

“Have you properly lived the holy life?”

The ordinand responds:

“I have lived it properly.”

1.567If the ordinand says he has lived the holy life properly, the privy advisor should ask him:

“What is your name? What is your preceptor’s name?”

The ordinand responds:

“My name is [ordinand’s name] and my preceptor’s name, who will speak on my behalf, is [preceptor’s name].”

1.568The privy advisor should ask him:

“Venerable, please listen. Human bodies are subject to diseases that manifest on the body in these ways: as oozing pustules, large pustules, small pustules, exanthema, leprosy, oozing rashes, dry rashes, welts, scabs, consumption, pulmonary consumption, fits, anal fistula, fluid retention, elephantiasis, urethral fistula, a latent or raging fever, fevers which last a day, two day fevers, tertian fevers, quartan fevers, complexes, daily fevers, chronic fevers, dissipation, abscesses, vomiting and diarrhea, hiccoughs, coughs, asthma, carbuncles, [F.57.a] pain in the extremities, tumors, blood disorders, jaundice, hemorrhoids, nausea, urinary retention, fatigue, pyrexia, arthritis, and bone pain. Do any of these physical conditions or others like them afflict your body?”

1.569The ordinand responds:

“They do not.”

1.570“Listen, venerable. In the midst of the saṅgha, my knowledgeable fellow brahamcārin will ask you these questions that I have just now asked you. Do not hold back there! What is so, say it is so. What is not so, say it is not so. Stay here and do not come until you have been called.”

1.571That is the privy advice. Then the monk serving as privy advisor should stand at the head of the eldest monk’s row and say the following with a bow:

1.572“Venerable saṅgha, please listen. If I have advised the ordinand [ordinand’s name] at the behest of the preceptor [preceptor’s name] and found him to be without impediments, shall he come?”

1.573The whole saṅgha should say:

“If he is without impediment, he should come.”

1.574If that is said, then all is well. A breach occurs if it is not. That is the request to come. The ordinand is then brought into the inner circle and prostrates before the seniormost of those gathered. The monk officiant should then prompt him to ask for ordination. The ordinand first prostrates to the Teacher, then before the seniormost monk. He then squats with his two heels resting on a brick so as to relieve pressure on the nerves.

1.575Joining his palms, he says:

“Venerable saṅgha, please listen. The preceptor, [preceptor’s name], speaking on my, [ordinand’s name], behalf, seeks consent from the saṅgha for ordination. If the saṅgha allows the petition of the preceptor [preceptor’s name], who speaks on my, [ordinand’s name], behalf, I ask that the venerable saṅgha grant me ordination. I ask that the venerable saṅgha guide me. I ask that the venerable saṅgha accept charge of me. I ask that the venerable saṅgha show me the way. I ask that the venerable and compassionate saṅgha, in their compassion, extend their compassion to me.”

1.576That is repeated a second and a third time. The monk officiant makes an act of motion alone so that the ordinand can be asked before the saṅgha about impediments.

1.577While seated, the monk officiant says:

“Venerable saṅgha, please listen. The ordinand [ordinand’s name] seeks consent from the saṅgha to receive ordination from the preceptor [preceptor’s name]. If he has petitioned the saṅgha to give consent to the preceptor [preceptor’s name] to grant ordination to the ordinand, and if the time is right and the saṅgha can allow it, I ask that the saṅgha grant its consent. Before the saṅgha, I shall ask about the impediments faced by the ordinand [ordinand’s name] who is to be ordained by the preceptor [preceptor’s name].”

1.578That is the request. The monk officiant then inquires into impediments before the saṅgha. The ordinand prostrates to the officiant and then squats with his two heels resting on a brick so as to relieve pressure on the nerves. The ordinand should then join his palms as the monk officiant inquires into impediments.

1.579This was the inquiry into impediments in the inner circle.

The monk officiant’s request to ordain

1.580After that, the monk officiant makes a motion to the saṅgha. While seated, he says:

“Venerable saṅgha, please listen. The ordinand [ordinand’s name] has sought consent from the saṅgha to receive ordination from the preceptor [preceptor’s name]. He has asked the saṅgha to give consent for the preceptor [preceptor’s name] to grant ordination to the ordinand [ordinand’s name]. He is a male, has male organs, has reached twenty years of age, and has all three robes and a begging bowl. He has attested that he is without impediments. If the saṅgha gives consent for the preceptor [preceptor’s name] to grant ordination to the ordinand [ordinand’s name], and if the time is right and the saṅgha can accept it, I ask that the saṅgha give consent.”

The motion to act

1.581This is how the motion to act should be made:

“Venerable saṅgha, please listen. The ordinand [ordinand’s name] has sought consent from the saṅgha to receive ordination from the preceptor [preceptor’s name]. He has asked the saṅgha to give consent for the preceptor [preceptor’s name] to grant ordination to the ordinand [ordinand’s name]. He is a male, has male organs, has reached twenty years of age, and has all three robes and a begging bowl. He has attested that he is without impediments. [F.57.b] The saṅgha gives consent for the preceptor [preceptor’s name] to grant ordination to the ordinand [ordinand’s name]. Therefore, if the saṅgha grants consent for the preceptor [preceptor’s name] to grant ordination to ordinand [ordinand’s name], then venerables, those who can accept the preceptor [preceptor’s name] granting ordination to the ordinand [ordinand’s name] remain silent. I ask that any who cannot accept it speak up.”

1.582This is the first motion to act. This is repeated a second and a third time. The saṅgha acknowledges its acceptance and gives its consent to the preceptor to grant ordination to the ordinand by remaining silent.

1.583This concludes the ordination portion of the rite.

Marking the time by the length of a shadow

1.584Next, measuring the length of a shadow.

1.585When the Blessed One decreed, “Measure the length of a shadow,” the monks measured the length of a shadow using a long stick, prompting the Blessed One to order, “Do not measure the length of a shadow with a long stick.” When the monks measured the length of a shadow in steps, it proved too difficult, prompting the Blessed One to order, “Do not measure the length of a shadow in steps. Measure it like this, using splints of wood.” When the monks measured the length of a shadow using long splints, it also proved too difficult, prompting the Blessed One to order, “Measure with a splint just four finger widths tall. A splint of exactly that length shall be called a ‘gnomon.’ ”

1.586That is the marking of time by the length of the shadow.

Explaining the different parts of the day and night

1.587The different parts of the day and night are then described with these words:

“The different parts of the day and night are described as morning, noon, evening, the first watch of the night, the latter half of the first watch, the midnight watch, the latter half of the midnight watch, the last watch of the night, the latter half of the last watch of the night, pre-dawn, dawn, before sunrise, sunrise, an eighth of the sun’s passage, [F.58.a] a quarter of the sun’s passage, midday, a quarter of the sun’s passage remaining, an eighth of the sun’s passage remaining, before sunset, sunset, before the stars appear, and after the stars appear.”

1.588That is the explanation of the different parts of the day and night.

Describing the length of the seasons

1.589The length of the seasons are then described:

“There are five seasons: the cold season, springtime, the rainy season, the short rainy season, and the long rainy season. The cold season lasts four months, springtime lasts four months, the rainy season lasts one month, the short rainy season lasts a day, while the long rainy season is one day shy of three months.”

1.590That is the description of the length of the seasons.

Explaining the supports

1.591The supports are then explained:

“Listen, venerable [newly ordained monk’s name]. The Blessed One, the tathāgata, arhat, perfectly awakened, omniscient, all-seeing Buddha has declared four supports to be supports for monks who have gone forth and been ordained. If one abides by them, the monk who has gone forth and been ordained in the well-proclaimed Dharma and Vinaya will be a genuine monk. What are the four?

1.592As for clothes, it is preferable that you find a pile of discarded rags suitable. If one abides by that, one will be a genuine monk who has gone forth and been ordained in the well-proclaimed Dharma and Vinaya. Will you, [newly ordained monk’s name], delight in living on clothes from a pile of discarded rags for so long as you live?”

The newly ordained monk responds:

“I will so delight.”

1.593He is then told:

“Or further, if you were to receive silk or a large piece of cotton, wool, muslin, raw silk, a large piece of wool, red wool, lambswool, a red shawl, fine Kāśī cotton, cloth of a fitting color, ill-colored cloth, woolen cloth, hempen cloth, linen, cotton cloth, [F.58.b] dugūla cloth, koṭampa cloth, Aparāntin cloth, or were to receive any other appropriate cloth from the saṅgha or a person, you may also accept that, provided you take the proper amount. Will you commit yourself to subsisting on such supports?”

1.594The newly ordained monk responds:

“I will so commit myself.”

1.595He is then told:

“Listen, venerable [newly ordained monk’s name]. As for food, it is preferable that you find begging for alms suitable. If one abides by that, one will be a genuine monk who has gone forth and been ordained in the well-proclaimed Dharma and Vinaya. Will you, [newly ordained monk’s name], delight in living on alms for so long as you live?”

The newly ordained monk responds:

“I will so delight.”

1.596He is then told:

“Or further, if you were to receive cooked grains, gruel, soup; special food prepared for feasts on the fifth, the eighth, the fourteenth, or the full moon; or everyday fare; or be invited to a banquet, or be invited on a whim, or receive vegetables, or receive any other appropriate food from the saṅgha or a person, you may also accept that, provided you take the proper amount. Will you commit yourself to subsisting on such supports?”

The newly ordained monk responds:

“I will so commit myself.”

1.597He is then told:

“Listen, venerable [newly ordained monk’s name]. As for shelter, it is preferable that you find shelter at the foot of a tree suitable. If one abides by that, one will be a genuine monk who has gone forth and been ordained in the well-proclaimed Dharma and Vinaya. Will you, [newly ordained monk’s name], delight in living in shelter at the foot of a tree for so long as you live?”

The newly ordained monk responds:

“I will delight in living so.”

1.598He is then told:

Or further, if you were to find shelter in a cell , a hall, an upper room, a veranda, a yard, a rotunda, a mansion, a veranda above a gatehouse, a rooftop shed, a shed, a wooden hut, an earthen cave, a rock cave, a mountain cave, a grass hut, a hut of leaves, a walkway, [F.59.a] a path , a burrowed-out crevice, or a natural crevice, or find any other appropriate shelter from the saṅgha or a person, you may also accept that, provided you take its proper measure. Will you commit yourself to subsisting on such supports?

The newly ordained monk responds:

“I will so commit myself.”

1.599He is then told:

“Listen, venerable [newly ordained monk’s name]. As for medicines, it is preferable that you find an herbal decoction suitable. If one abides by that, the monk who has gone forth and been ordained in the well-proclaimed Dharma and Vinaya will be a genuine monk. Will you, [newly ordained monk’s name], delight in living by herbal decoctions for so long as you live?”

The newly ordained monk responds:

“I will delight in living so.”

1.600He is then told:

“Or further, if you were to receive ghee, sesame oil, honey, molasses, food fit for a time, fit for a period, tonics kept for seven days, lifelong medicines, medicinal roots, medicinal stalks, medicinal leaves, medicinal fruits, or any other appropriate medicines from the saṅgha or a person, you may also accept them, provided you take the proper amount. Will you commit yourself to subsisting on such supports?”

1.601The newly ordained monk responds:

“I will so commit myself.”

Explaining the offenses

1.602Then those things that lead to an offense are explained:

“Listen, venerable [newly ordained monk’s name]. The Blessed One, the tathāgata, arhat, perfectly awakened, omniscient, all-seeing Buddha, has declared four things that lead to an offense for monks who have gone forth and been ordained. If a monk were to engage in them, he would immediately disqualify himself as a monk, disqualify himself as an ascetic, disqualify himself as an heir of the Śākya, and would fall from monkhood. It would leave his spiritual practice in tatters, leave him ruined, wrecked, fallen, and defeated. There would be no way to restore his spiritual practice. [F.59.b] It is like a palmyra tree: if you were to lop off its crown, it would no longer be green, nor would it flourish, grow, or expand. What are the four? They are desires, clinging to desires, longing for desires, and pursuing desires, which the Blessed One criticized in many ways. It was abandoning desires that he honored; it was renouncing them, rejecting them, forsaking them; it was freedom from desires, their cessation, their pacification, and their vanishing that he esteemed, reverenced, honored, and venerated.

1.603“Venerable, since from now on you should not even fix your eyes with attachment upon a woman, what need is there to mention engaging in an act of sexual intercourse in which a couple’s two organs meet? The Blessed One, the tathāgata, arhat, perfectly awakened, omniscient, all-seeing Buddha declared that if any monk, who has the same training as other monks, were to engage in the act of sexual intercourse without first offering back his training with training intact, he is liable, at the least, to wind up among those born as animals. As that monk has suffered a defeat, he should not remain. If a monk were to do such a thing, he would immediately disqualify himself as a monk, disqualify himself as a spiritual practitioner, disqualify himself as an heir of the Śākya, and would fall from monkhood. It would leave his spiritual practice in tatters, leave him ruined, wrecked, fallen, and defeated. There would be no way to restore his spiritual practice. It is like a palmyra tree: If you were to lop off its crown, it would no longer be green, nor would it flourish, grow, or expand. From this day forward, you must endeavor to fully safeguard your intentions by being mindful of and attentive to forsaking improper arrangements, improper actions, and improper behavior. [F.60.a] Do you accept not to engage in such things?”

1.604The newly ordained monk responds:

“I will not engage in such things.”

He is then told:

1.605“Listen, venerable [newly ordained monk’s name]. The Blessed One criticized stealing in many ways, and esteemed, reverenced, honored, and venerated the forsaking of stealing. Venerable, since, from now on, you should not, with thieving intent, take from another so much as the husk of a sesame seed, what need is there to mention five measures of gold or more? Venerable, the Blessed One, the tathāgata, arhat, perfectly awakened, omniscient, all-seeing Buddha declared that if any monk takes something of another’s‍—in the community or outside the monastery‍—which he has not been given, that is counted as tantamount to stealing, no matter how much he has stolen, whereby the king or his minister could rightly say to him, ‘O! You are a thief! A fool! An idiot! A robber!’ and execute, bind, or exile him. If a monk thus takes what has not been given, that monk also incurs a defeat and so should not remain. If a monk were to do such things, he would immediately disqualify himself as a monk, disqualify himself as an ascetic, disqualify himself as an heir of the Śākya, and would fall from monkhood. It would leave his spiritual practice in tatters, leave him ruined, wrecked, fallen, and defeated. There would be no way to restore his spiritual practice. It is like a palmyra tree: if you were to lop off its crown, it would no longer be green, nor would it flourish, grow, or expand. From this day forward, you must endeavor to fully safeguard your intentions by being mindful of and attentive to forsaking improper arrangements, improper actions, and improper behavior. Do you accept not to engage in such things?”

1.606The newly ordained monk responds:

“I will not engage in such things.”

He is then told:

1.607“Listen, venerable [newly ordained monk’s name]. The Blessed One criticized killing [F.60.b] in many ways and esteemed, reverenced, honored, and venerated the forsaking of killing. Venerable, since, from now on, you should not so much as kill an ant intentionally, what need is there to mention a human or a human embryo? Venerable, the Blessed One, the tathāgata, arhat, perfectly awakened, omniscient, all-seeing Buddha declared that if any monk intentionally kills a human, or a human embryo, with his own hands, or gives them a weapon, sends an assassin to them, pressures them, or extols the merits of death to them, then say this to him: ‘Oh! Why do you visit such negativity, filth, and evil on the living? Oh! You, who are alive and well, you suggest it would be better to die. In your mind, do you desire and scheme, while pressuring them with the many things you say?’ The Blessed One declared that if, initiated by that monk’s extolling the merits of death, the time comes that it happens, then that monk incurs a defeat and thus should not remain. If a monk were to do such things as these, he would immediately disqualify himself as a monk, disqualify himself as an ascetic, disqualify himself as an heir of the Śākya, and would fall from monkhood. It would leave his spiritual practice in tatters, leave him ruined, wrecked, fallen, and defeated. There would be no way to restore his spiritual practice. It is like a palmyra tree: if you were to lop off its crown, it would no longer be green, nor would it flourish, grow, or expand. From this day forward, you must endeavor to fully safeguard your intentions by being mindful of and attentive to forsaking improper arrangements, improper actions, and improper behavior. Do you accept not to engage in such things?”

1.608The newly ordained monk responds:

“I will not engage in such things.”

He is then told:

1.609“Listen, venerable [newly ordained monk’s name]. The Blessed One criticized lying in many ways and [F.61.a] esteemed, reverenced, honored, and extolled venerated the forsaking of lying. Venerable, since, from now on, you should not knowingly speak falsely even in the hopes of getting a laugh, what need is there to mention intentionally claiming to possess superhuman qualities? Venerable, the Blessed One, the tathāgata, arhat, perfectly awakened, omniscient, all-seeing Buddha declared that any monk who claims to have attained the final superhuman quality, or an exalted or specific superhuman human quality, while in a state of nonperception or nondiscernment, one who, while devoid of knowledge, insight, and first-hand experience, claims, ‘I know this, I have seen this,’ even though he has not, that monk incurs a defeat, unless at some other time, wanting to come clean about the offense that has occurred, he says, at another’s urging or not, ‘Venerables, I declared I knew something I did not know. I declared I saw something I did not see. I spoke duplicitously and fraudulently,’ in which case it is only excessive pride.

1.610“The Blessed One declared that such a monk has incurred a defeat and thus should not remain. Such a monk claims, ‘What do I know? I know suffering. I know its origin. I know its cessation. I know its path. What do I see? I see gods. I see the nāgas, yakṣas, garuḍas, gandharvas, kinnaras, mahoragas, pretas, piśācas, kumbhāṇḍas, pūtanas, kaṭapūtanas, and pāṃśukūla piśācas. The gods also see me. The nāgas, yakṣas, garuḍas, gandharvas, kinnaras, mahoragas, pretas, piśācas, kumbhāṇḍas, pūtanas, kaṭapūtanas, and pāṃśukūla piśācas also see me. I hear the voices of the gods. I hear the voices of the nāga, [F.61.b] yakṣas, garuḍas, gandharvas, kinnaras, mahoragas, pretas, piśācas, kumbhāṇḍas, pūtanas, kaṭapūtanas, and pāṃśukūla piśācas. The gods also hear my voice. The nāgas, yakṣas, garuḍas, gandharvas, kinnaras, mahoragas, pretas, piśācas, kumbhāṇḍas, pūtanas, kaṭapūtanas, and pāṃśukūla piśācas also hear my voice. I go to see the gods. I go to see the nāgas, yakṣas, garuḍas, gandharvas, kinnaras, mahoragas, pretas, piśācas, kumbhāṇḍas, pūtanas, kaṭapūtanas, and pāṃśukūla piśācas too. The gods come to see me. The nāgas, yakṣas, garuḍas, gandharvas, kinnaras, mahoragas, pretas, piśācas, kumbhāṇḍas, pūtanas, kaṭapūtanas, and pāṃśukūla piśācas also come see me.’

1.611“He claims, ‘I converse with the gods. I chat with them. We delight one another, and I always keep their company. I converse with the nāgas, yakṣas, garuḍas, gandharvas, kinnaras, mahoragas, pretas, piśācas, kumbhāṇḍas, pūtanas, kaṭapūtanas, and pāṃśukūla piśācas. [F.62.a] I chat with them. We delight one another. And I always keep their company. The gods converse with me. They chat with me. We delight one another. And they always keep my company. The nāgas, yakṣas, garuḍas, gandharvas, kinnaras, mahoragas, pretas, piśācas, kumbhāṇḍas, pūtanas, kaṭapūtanas, and pāṃśukūla piśācas converse with me. They chat with me. We delight one another. And they always keep my company.’

1.612“Though he has no such attainments, he claims, ‘I have gained recognition of impermanence, recognition of the suffering in impermanence, recognition of the selflessness of suffering, recognition of aversion to food, recognition of dislike for all worlds, recognition of drawbacks, recognition of abandonment, recognition of freedom from desirous attachment, recognition of cessation, recognition of death, recognition of ugliness, recognition of putrefaction, recognition of suppuration, recognition of bloating, recognition of decomposition, recognition of moldering, recognition of red rot, recognition of disintegration, recognition of bare bones, and recognition of the discernment of emptiness.’

1.613“Though he has no such attainments, he claims, ‘I have attained the first, second, third, and fourth dhyānas; loving kindness, compassion, joy, and equanimity; the abode of infinite space, the abode of infinite consciousness, the abode of nothingness, the abode of neither recognition nor nonrecognition, [F.62.b] the fruition of stream enterer, the fruition of once-returner, the fruition of non-returner, the fruition of arhatship, miraculous abilities, the divine ear, and knowledge of manifold minds, previous lives, the onset of death and birth, and the exhaustion of defilements. I, an arhat absorbed in the eight liberations, have been freed from the two.’

1.614“If a monk were to do such things, he would immediately disqualify himself as a monk, disqualify himself as an ascetic, disqualify himself as an heir of the Śākya, and would fall from monkhood. It would leave his spiritual practice in tatters, leave him ruined, wrecked, fallen, and defeated. There would be no way to restore his spiritual practice. It is like a palmyra tree: if you were to lop off its crown, it would no longer be green, nor would it flourish, grow, or expand.

1.615“From this day forward, you must endeavor to fully safeguard your intentions by being mindful of and attentive to forsaking improper arrangements, improper actions, and improper behavior. Do you accept not to engage in such things?”

The newly ordained monk responds:

“I will not engage in such things.”

Explaining those things that constitute spiritual practice

1.616Explain those things that constitute spiritual practice:

“Listen, venerable [newly ordained monk’s name]. The Blessed One, the tathāgata, arhat, perfectly awakened, omniscient, all-seeing Buddha has declared four observances to constitute spiritual practice. What are those four observances? Venerable, from now on, though you be rebuked, do not rebuke in return; though you be assaulted, do not assault in return; though you be struck, do not strike back; and though you be reproached, do not reproach in return. Do you accept to engage in such observances?”

1.617The newly ordained monk responds:

“I will engage in those observances.” [F.63.a]

Announcing the perfect fulfillment of his greatest desire

1.618Announce the perfect fulfillment of his greatest desire:

“Listen, venerable. As you have irreproachably secured a suitable preceptor, a suitable instructor, the consent of the saṅgha, and an act whose fourth member is a motion, it would not be right to disregard your wish, your wanting monkhood, to go forth and be ordained in the well-proclaimed Dharma and Vinaya. And so I declare that you have gone forth and been ordained.”

Enjoining him to practice the equally applicable ethical code

1.619Enjoin him to practice the equally applicable ethical code:

“Listen, venerable. A person ordained today trains in the very same training that a monk ordained for one hundred years trains in. Just so, one ordained for one hundred years trains in the very same training that a monk ordained today trains in. Since the ethical code is equally applicable, the training is equally applicable, and because the recitation of the Prātimokṣasūtra is equally applicable, from now on you must not neglect what you must train in.”

Enjoining him to bond with his role model in the renunciant life

1.620Enjoin the newly ordained monk to bond with his role model in the renunciant life:

“From now on, you should think of your preceptor as your father. For his part, your preceptor will think of you as his son. From this day forth, you should serve your preceptor for as long as you shall live. For his part, your preceptor will nurse you unto death, for so long as you live.”

Enjoining him to dwell in tranquility

1.621Enjoin him to dwell in tranquility:

“From now on, have respect for your fellow brahmacārin‍—elders, the middle-aged, and the young‍—[F.63.b] defer to them, and remain in thrall to them.”

Enjoining him to carry out his obligations

1.622Enjoin him to carry out his obligations:

“From now on, you should receive instructions, learn them, and recite them. Become skilled in the aggregates, become skilled in the sense spheres, become skilled in the seats of the senses, become skilled in interdependent arising, become skilled in right and wrong, attain what you have not yet attained, realize what you have not yet realized, actualize what you have not yet actualized‍—do not let your effort lag.”

Informing him of what he must do to fully understand his unspoken commitments

1.623Inform him of what he must do to fully understand his unspoken commitments:

“These things that I have told you are but a rough overview of the foundations of your training. You shall hear more every half-month when the Prātimokṣasūtra is recited. As for the rest, it will be taught at length to by your instructor, your preceptor, a common preceptor, a common instructor, those to whom you speak, with whom you converse, familiars, and friends.”

Enjoining him to heed what he reveres

1.624Enjoin him to heed what he reveres:

“You have been ordained

Into the teachings of the most wise.

To find leisure and opportunity is rare,

So heed them perfectly.

1.625Knowing all, the Perfectly Awakened One,

Whose name denotes truth, proclaimed

That going forth is for the beautiful

And ordination for the pure.”

Enjoining him in the methods together with the instructions that should be practiced

1.626Finally, enjoin him in the methods together with the instructions that should be practiced:

“Venerable, as you have been ordained, you must be conscientious.”

1.627This marks the end of the monk’s ordination rite. [B6] [F.64.a]

Querying Upasena

1.628An intervening summary:

1.629The monks asked the Blessed One for instructions on what to do when those who have gone forth and are ordained cannot consult, seek counsel from, or heed the preceptor or instructor.

1.630The Blessed One replied, “Monks, I will lay out the regular duties of monk apprentices and monk journeymen. Monks apprentices and monk journeymen should not wet, sweep, or apply fresh cow dung to a monastery, or work on their begging bowl or robes, without first consulting a preceptor or instructor. Such monks should not store them. Such monks should not distribute soap or toothbrushes. They should not be asked for instruction or looked to for answers. Monk apprentices and monk journeymen should not undertake any activity without first consulting a preceptor or instructor, with the exception of defecating, urinating, throwing away their toothbrush, drinking water, paying reverence to a stūpa in the vicinity of the monastery, or go beyond forty-nine fathoms of the monastery.

1.631“When, for instance, they attend to the begging bowl of a preceptor or instructor, monk apprentices and monk journeymen should do so with great vigor, thinking, ‘Oh! We shall work on the preceptor or instructor’s begging bowl or have another do so.’ If they should exert themselves, then all is well. A breach occurs if they do not exert themselves.

1.632“When, for instance, they attend to the robes of a preceptor or instructor, monk apprentices and monk journeymen should do so with great vigor, thinking, [F.64.b] ‘Oh! We shall work on the preceptor or instructor’s robes or have another do so.’ If they should exert themselves, then all is well. A breach occurs if they should not exert themselves.

1.633“When, for instance, a preceptor or instructor falls ill, monk apprentices and monk journeymen should think with great vigor, ‘Oh! We shall nurse the preceptor or instructor or have another do so.’ If they should exert themselves, then all is well. A breach occurs if they should not exert themselves.

1.634“If their preceptor or instructor should feel anxious, monk apprentices and monk journeymen should think with great vigor, ‘Oh! I will dispel the anxiety of my preceptor or instructor, or cause another to dispel my preceptor or instructor’s anxiety.’ If they should exert themselves, then all is well. A breach occurs if they should not exert themselves.

1.635“If their preceptor or instructor develops a deviant view, monk apprentices and monk journeymen should think with great vigor, ‘Oh! I will dispel my preceptor or instructor’s deviant view, or cause another to dispel my preceptor or instructor’s deviant views.’ If they should exert themselves, then all is well. A breach occurs if they should not exert themselves.

1.636“The saṅgha may mete out the following disciplinary acts on a preceptor or instructor: an act of censure, an act of chastening, an act of expulsion, an act of reconciliation, an act of suspension for refusal to acknowledge, an act of suspension for refusal to make reparations, or an act of suspension for refusal to give up deviant views. If they are about to mete out such an act, a monk apprentice [F.65.a] or journeyman should plead with great vigor, ‘Oh! The saṅgha should not mete out such disciplinary acts to my preceptor or instructor.’ Or, if such a disciplinary act has already been meted out, monk apprentices and monk journeymen should plead with great vigor ‘Oh! For the saṅgha to impose such disciplinary acts on my preceptor or instructor makes my hair bristle and stand on end. I cower before the saṅgha. Restore his status. Having come into the boundary to show he is like us, I beg forgiveness. Whatever caused him to reject the disciplinary acts that were meted out should be forgiven.’ If he should exert himself, then all is well. A breach occurs if he should not exert himself.

1.637“If a preceptor or an instructor were to incur a saṅgha remnant offense, monk apprentices and monk journeymen should plead with great vigor, ‘Oh! The saṅgha should impose a probation or a repeat probation on those preceptors and instructors.” If they should exert themselves, then all is well. A breach occurs if they should not exert themselves.

1.638“If a preceptor or an instructor has already served a probation or a repeat probation, monk apprentices and monk journeymen should plead with great vigor, ‘Oh! The preceptor or instructor who has already served a probation or a repeat probation should be given [F.65.b] a penance or repeat penance.’ If they should exert themselves, then all is well. A breach occurs if they should not exert themselves.

1.639“If a preceptor or an instructor has served out a penance or a repeat penance, monk apprentices and monk journeymen should plead with great vigor, ‘Oh! The preceptor or instructor who has served out his penance or a repeat penance should be granted a reinstatement.’ If they should exert themselves, then all is well. A breach occurs if they should not exert themselves.

1.640“As monk apprentices and monk journeymen treat preceptors and instructors, just so should preceptors and instructors treat monk apprentices and monk journeymen, except for the seeking of permission.”

1.641The Blessed Buddha pledged to pass the rainy season in Śrāvastī, in the Jetavana, Anāthapiṇḍada’s Park. The venerable Upasena had pledged to pass that same rainy season in some distant place. After one year had passed, he took a ward, allowed his going forth and ordained him.

1.642After the rainy season had passed, Upasena took up his robes. This monk of two years and his ward of one took up their begging bowls and robes, set out for, and made their way in stages to Śrāvastī.

1.643When they arrived, Upasena set down his begging bowl and robe, washed his feet, and went to the Blessed One. Having bowed his head at the Blessed One’s feet, he sat off to one side.

1.644It is natural for blessed buddhas to welcome those monks that come to visit them with the words, “Monk, where have you come from just now? [F.66.a] Where did you pledge to pass the rainy season?” And so the Blessed One asked Upasena these very questions.

“Reverend, I have come from distant lands just now and I want to speak with you about passing the rainy season in distant lands.”

1.645“Upasena, who is this noble son with you?”

“Reverend, he is my ward.”

“Upasena, how many years have you passed as a monk? How many years has your ward passed?”

“Reverend, I have passed two years while my ward has passed one.”

1.646The Blessed One said to the monks, “Monks, the noble son Upasena thought first only of gathering a following. A monk who has passed one year should not allow going forth, should not grant ordination, should not give refuge, and should not accept charge of novices, nor should he live independently. Nor should a monk of two years, nor a monk of three years, nor a monk of four years, nor a monk of five years, nor a monk of six years, nor a monk of seven years, nor a monk of eight years. Even a monk of nine years should not allow going forth, should not grant ordination, should not give refuge, and should not accept charge of novices, nor should he live independently. A monk of ten years may allow going forth, may grant ordination, may accept charge of novices, may give refuge, and may live independently.

1.647“For those lacking in such particulars, who are immature, dense, dim-witted, or unskilled, to allow going forth‍—alas! It is impossible for those who are not disciplined to discipline others. It is impossible for those who are not calm to bring calm to others, for those are not free to free others, [F.66.b] for those who have not reached peace to bring others to peace, or for those who have not themselves emerged from the muck to free others from the muck.”

1.648Once, an elder who was immature, dense, dim-witted, and unskilled allowed a follower from another tīrthika tradition to go forth and granted him ordination. But, not having received counsel or instruction at any time, the convert offered back his training and fell away, at which point the monks appealed to the Blessed One.

1.649The Blessed One replied, “In light of such events, only monks with ten years and five qualities may allow going forth, grant ordination, accept charge of novices, give refuge, and live independently. What are those five qualities? That such a monk has been ordained for ten years or more, is able to nurse wards or apprentices or enlist others to do so, is able to assuage the guilt of wards or apprentices or enlist others to do so, is able to repudiate the deviant views that have arisen in wards or apprentices or enlist others to do so, and is able to allay unhappiness or enlist others to do so wherever he is, should wards or apprentices feel sad.

1.650“Alternatively, monks with ten years who are endowed with pure conduct, are learned, and retain the sūtras, the vinaya, and the mātṛkā may allow going forth, grant ordination, give refuge, and live independently. [F.67.a]

1.651“Alternatively, monks with ten years who are endowed with pure conduct, are learned, and are skilled in the sūtras, the vinaya, and the mātṛkā may allow going forth, grant ordination, accept charge of novices, give refuge, and live independently.

“Alternatively, monks with ten years who are endowed with pure conduct, are learned, and are experienced in the sūtras, the vinaya, and the mātṛkā may allow going forth, grant ordination, accept charge of novices, give refuge, and live independently.

1.652“Alternatively, monks with ten years who are endowed with pure conduct, are learned, and elucidate the sūtras, the vinaya, and the mātṛkā may allow going forth, grant ordination, accept charge of novices, give refuge, and live independently.

“Alternatively, [F.67.b] monks with ten years who have ethics, are learned, and are able to inspire wards or apprentices to retain the sūtras, the vinaya, and the mātṛkā may allow going forth, grant ordination, accept charge of novices, give refuge, and live independently.

1.653“Alternatively, monks with ten years who are endowed with pure conduct, are learned, and train in the training of higher ethics, the training of higher attention, and the training of higher wisdom may allow going forth, grant ordination, accept charge of novices, give refuge, and live independently.

“Alternatively, monks with ten years who are endowed with pure conduct, are learned, and are able to inspire wards or apprentices to train in the training of higher ethics, the training of higher attention, and the training of higher wisdom may allow going forth, grant ordination, [F.68.a] accept charge of novices, give refuge, and live independently.

1.654“Alternatively, monks with ten years who are endowed with pure conduct, are learned, and train in higher conduct, higher monastic discipline, and higher individual liberation may allow going forth, grant ordination, accept charge of novices, give refuge, and live independently.

“Alternatively, monks with ten years who are endowed with pure conduct, are learned, and are able to inspire wards or apprentices to train in higher conduct, higher monastic discipline, and higher individual liberation may allow going forth, grant ordination, accept charge of novices, give refuge, and live independently.

1.655“Alternatively, monks with ten years who have perfect faith, perfect ethics, perfect apprehension, perfect generosity, and perfect wisdom may allow going forth, [F.68.b] grant ordination, accept charge of novices, give refuge, and live independently.

“Alternatively, monks with ten years who have perfect pure conduct, perfect concentration, perfect wisdom, perfect freedom, and perfect knowledge and vision of freedom may allow going forth, grant ordination, accept charge of novices, give refuge, and live independently.

1.656“Alternatively, monks with ten years who are endowed with pure conduct, are learned, exert themselves energetically, are wise, and are mindful may allow going forth, grant ordination, accept charge of novices, give refuge, and live independently.

1.657“Alternatively, monks with ten years who are endowed with pure conduct, are learned, exert themselves energetically, are wise, and are equipoised may allow going forth, grant ordination, accept charge of novices, give refuge, and [F.69.a] live independently.

“Alternatively, monks with ten years who are endowed with pure conduct, are learned, exert themselves energetically, are wise, and are skilled in meditative absorption may allow going forth, grant ordination, accept charge of novices, give refuge, and live independently.

1.658“Alternatively, monks with ten years who have the whole of a trainee’s ethics, the whole of a trainee’s concentration, the whole of a trainee’s wisdom, the whole of a trainee’s freedom, and the whole of a trainee’s knowledge and vision of freedom may allow going forth, grant ordination, accept charge of novices, give refuge, and live independently.

“Alternatively, monks with ten years who have the whole ethics of a nontrainee, the whole of a nontrainee’s concentration, the whole of a nontrainee’s wisdom, the whole of a nontrainee’s freedom, and the whole of a nontrainee’s knowledge and vision of freedom [F.69.b] may allow going forth, grant ordination, give refuge, and live independently.

1.659“Alternatively, monks with ten years who know arising, prescriptions, supplementary prescriptions, prohibitions, and permissions may allow going forth, grant ordination, accept charge of novices, give refuge, and live independently.

“Alternatively, monks with ten years who know what hinders the training, know what does not hinder it, are able to expound on it, instruct it, and find refuge for their monk apprentices and monk journeymen may allow going forth, grant ordination, accept charge of novices, give refuge, and live independently.

1.660“Alternatively, monks with ten years who know what hinders the training, know what does not hinder it, are able to expound on it, instruct on it, and find refuge for their monk apprentices and monk journeymen may allow going forth, grant ordination, [F.70.a] accept charge of novices, give refuge, and live independently.

“Alternatively, monks with ten years who know what constitutes an offense, know what does not constitute an offense, know what is light, know what is weighty, and can recite the full Prātimokṣasūtra and repeat and recite its supplements may allow going forth, grant ordination, accept charge of novices, give refuge, and live independently.

1.661Upasena asked the Blessed Buddha, “Reverend, the Blessed One has said, ‘Those with ten years and five qualities may allow going forth, grant ordination, accept charge of novices, give refuge, and live independently.’ What then, reverend, if a monk has been ordained for sixty years but cannot recite the Prātimokṣasūtra or cannot repeat or recite its supplements? Should he take up residence with another?”

“Upasena, he should live as a dependant elsewhere.”

1.662“Reverend, how should he be addressed?”

“Upasena, he should be called an immature elder.”

“Where should he take up residence?”

“If there is a senior exemplar, he should take up residence with a senior exemplar. If there is no senior exemplar, he should take up residence with a junior exemplar.”

1.663“What, reverend, should the exemplar be accorded?”

“Upasena, he should be accorded with all of the above except prostrations.”

1.664The Blessed Buddha pledged to pass the rainy season in the Kalandakanivāpa at the Bamboo Park near Rājagṛha, at which point a small number of elder monks and a large number of new ones [F.70.b] promised to pass the rainy season at Rājagṛha. After the three months of monsoon had passed, the Blessed One instructed the venerable Ānanda, “Go to the monks, Ānanda, and tell them, ‘The Tāthagata will travel the realm. As your task will be to accompany the Tāthagata on his travels through the realm, happily ready your robes.’ ”

1.665Heeding the Blessed One’s instruction, Ānanda replied, “I shall do as the Reverend instructs.”

To the monks, he said, “Venerables, the Tāthagata will travel the realm. Your task is to accompany him on his travels, so you should happily ready your robes.”

1.666“Venerable Ānanda,” replied the elder monks, “we cannot travel the realm with the Blessed One, for we are old.”

1.667And the new monks said, “Venerable Ānanda, we too cannot travel the realm with the Blessed One, for we are new and our preceptors and instructors will not go. If our preceptors and instructors do not go we must return swiftly and thus, those who have sought refuge will have to seek another yet again.”

1.668After the three months of monsoon had passed, the Blessed One donned his robe. He then set out to travel the realm with a small entourage, who carried with them their begging bowls and robes.

1.669For blessed buddhas on a journey, it is natural to wonder about the behavior of those who accompany them. Were they properly trained? Were they properly clothed? Did they carry their belongings or did they lack uniformity? [F.71.a] While wondering thus, blessed buddhas look upon them by turning to the right as an elephant would. Thus, on his journey, the Blessed Buddha looked about by turning to the right as an elephant would. When the Blessed Buddha had done so, he saw the Tāthagata’s entourage to be small.

1.670Though they see, blessed buddhas may inquire about what they already know. Though they already know, they may inquire‍—or, even though they know, they may not inquire. They inquire when the time is right, not when the time has passed. Their inquiries are meaningful, not meaningless. In this way blessed buddhas dam the flow of meaningless inquiries.

As blessed buddhas know the time for a meaningful inquiry, the Blessed Buddha asked Ānanda, “What is the cause due to which the Tāthagata’s companions are now so few? What are the circumstances for it?”

1.671“Reverend, a small number of elder monks and a large number of new monks discussed the matter during the rains retreat in Rājagṛha. The elder monks said, ‘Venerable Ānanda, we cannot travel the realm with the Blessed One, for we are old.’ And the new monks said, ‘Venerable Ānanda, we too cannot travel the realm with the Blessed One, for we are new and our preceptors and instructors will not go. If our preceptors and instructors do not go, we must return swiftly and thus, those who have sought a refuge will have to seek another yet again.’ Reverend, that is the cause due to which the Tāthagata’s companions are now so few; [F.71.b] those are the circumstances for it.”

1.672“Ānanda, I therefore further permit that those with five years and five qualities should travel the realm without a refuge. What are those five qualities? That the monk knows what constitutes an offense, knows what does not constitute an offense, knows what is light, knows what is weighty, and knows how to recite the Prātimokṣasūtra and its supplements. Those with five years and five qualities should travel the realm independently. Do not resent this.”

1.673The venerable Upāli asked the Blessed Buddha, “Reverend, the Blessed One has said, ‘Those with five years and five qualities should travel the realm independently.’ What about a revered monk of six years? If he recites the Prātimokṣasūtra and repeats and recites its supplements, should he too travel the realm independently?”

1.674“Upāli, he should not stay. ‘Why is that?’ you ask. For one relies on a refuge until one has passes five years.”

1.675“Reverend, as for one of four years, if he recites the Prātimokṣasūtra and repeats and recites its supplements, should he too travel the realm independently?”

“Upāli, he should not travel the realm independently. ‘Why is that?’ you ask. For one relies on a refuge until he has passed five years.”

1.676“Reverend, as for one who has knowledge of the three and who has cast aside the three stains, if he has not five years or the five qualities, should he too travel the realm independently?”

“Upāli, he should not travel the realm independently.”

1.677An intervening summary:

1.678This concludes the section on refuge.