One of the tathāgatas attending the delivery of the MMK.

A class of gods.

One of the gods’ realms; also used as the name of the gods living there.

One of the tathāgatas attending the delivery of the MMK.

One of the uṣṇīṣa kings attending the delivery of the MMK.

One of the tathāgatas attending the delivery of the MMK.

One of the bodhisattvas attending the delivery of the MMK.

One of the great yakṣiṇīs.

One of the vidyārājñīs attending the delivery of the MMK.

One of the great yakṣiṇīs.

One of the grahas.

The name of a nakṣatra. In one instance the name is given as Abhijit, which is the same as the name of one of the muhūrtas..

One of the grahas.

One of the muhūrtas.

The paradise of Akṣobhya.

One of the eight uṣṇīṣa kings. Elsewhere his name is given as “Udgatoṣṇīṣa.”

One of the mantra deities, possibly Agni, the god of fire.

One of the vidyārājñīs dwelling with Śākyamuni in the realm of the Pure Abode.

The leader of the vidyārāja s.

See “master.”

A unit of time measuring the time it takes to snap one’s fingers.

Accomplishment or success in general, as well as any particular magical power or ability. In the latter sense, eight are traditionally enumerated, namely the siddhi of the magical sword, of an eye ointment that renders invisible, etc. The content of the list may vary from source to source.

One of the tathāgatas attending the delivery of the MMK.

One of the tathāgatas attending the delivery of the MMK.

A ritual activity (such as pacifying, nourishing, etc.). This term is also translated in other instances as “rite,” “karma,” “karman,” or “karmic accumulation.” In the latter three cases the term refers to karmic accumulation, positive or negative, that will produce results in the future, unless it is purified.

One of the great dūtīs attending upon Lord Vajrapāṇi.

The name, possibly corrupt, of a country in ancient India.

One of the pratyeka­buddhas attending the delivery of the MMK.

One of the vidyārājñīs dwelling with Śākyamuni in the realm of the Pure Abode.

See “vidyādhara.”

One of the rāśis.

One of the tathāgatas attending the delivery of the MMK.

The sun; the god of the sun; the king identified as Āditya­vardhana of the Śrīkaṇṭha-Sthāṇvīśvara dynasty who ruled in Madhyadeśa in the sixth century ᴄᴇ.

One of the bodhisattvas attending the delivery of the MMK.

One of the tathāgatas attending the delivery of the MMK.

One of the tathāgatas attending the delivery of the MMK.

The essentially pure nature of mind is obscured and afflicted by various psychological defilements, which destroy the mind’s peace and composure and lead to unwholesome deeds of body, speech, and mind, acting as causes for continued existence in saṃsāra. Included among them are the primary afflictions of desire (rāga), anger (dveṣa), and ignorance (avidyā). It is said that there are eighty-four thousand of these negative mental qualities, for which the eighty-four thousand categories of the Buddha’s teachings serve as the antidote. Kleśa is also commonly translated as “negative emotions,” “disturbing emotions,” and so on. The Pāli kilesa, Middle Indic kileśa, and Buddhist Hybrid Sanskrit kleśa all primarily mean “stain” or “defilement.” The translation “affliction” is a secondary development that derives from the more general (non-Buddhist) classical understanding of √kliś (“to harm,“ “to afflict”). Both meanings are noted by Buddhist commentators.

One of the sages ( ṛṣi ).

One of the great mātṛs.

One of the sages ( ṛṣi ); also the name of the god of fire.

The name of the country or the people where the Buddha descended to Earth.

One of the sages ( ṛṣi ).

One of the śrāvakas attending the delivery of the MMK.

One of the great mātṛs. Elsewhere her name is given as “Indrāṇī.”

The king of the elephants.

One of the great mātṛs.

A vidyārāja from the personal retinue of Vajrapāṇi.

A vidyārāja from the personal retinue of Vajrapāṇi.

One of the garuḍa kings.

The king of Magadha contemporary of the historical Buddha.

One of the dhāraṇī goddesses present at the delivery of the MMK.

One of the great dūtīs attending upon Lord Vajrapāṇi.

One of the vidyā s attending upon Mañjuśrī; one of the “four sisters” invoked in a mantra.

One of the kings of the Nāgasena dynasty, identified with Ādityavarman.

One of the two bodhisattvas standing by the gateway in the Mañjuśrī maṇḍala.

One of the tathāgatas attending the delivery of the MMK.

The highest heaven in the realm of form; also the name of the gods living there.

One of the tathāgatas attending the delivery of the MMK.

One of the dhāraṇī goddesses present at the delivery of the MMK.

One of the vidyārājñīs dwelling with Śākyamuni in the realm of the Pure Abode.

One of the bodhisattvas attending the delivery of the MMK.

One of the bodhisattvas attending the delivery of the MMK.

“Sky mother”; a class of female spirits.

One of the gods’ realms; also used as the name of the gods living there.

One of the tathāgatas attending the delivery of the MMK.

One of the gods’ realms; also used as the name of the gods living there.

One of the kings of the rākṣasas.

One of the kings of the nāga s.

The realm of Kubera.

Though often listed differently, this refers to a combination of four or five commonly used perfumes.

A yakṣiṇī invoked in magical rites.

One of the bodhisattvas attending the delivery of the MMK.

One of the great yakṣiṇīs.

One of the vidyārājñīs dwelling with Śākyamuni in the realm of the Pure Abode.

One of the tathāgatas attending the delivery of the MMK.

One of the bodhisattvas attending the delivery of the MMK.

One of the vidyārājñīs dwelling with Śākyamuni in the realm of the Pure Abode.

One of the kings of the piśācas.

A vidyārāja from the personal retinue of Vajrapāṇi.

One of the sages ( ṛṣi ).

One of the great dūtīs attending upon Lord Vajrapāṇi.

One of the vidyārājñīs dwelling with Śākyamuni in the realm of the Pure Abode.

One of the tathāgatas attending the delivery of the MMK.The buddha of the western buddhafield of Sukhāvatī, where fortunate beings are reborn to make further progress toward spiritual maturity. Amitābha made his great vows to create such a realm when he was a bodhisattva called Dharmākara. In the Pure Land Buddhist tradition, popular in East Asia, aspiring to be reborn in his buddha realm is the main emphasis; in other Mahāyāna traditions, too, it is a widespread practice. For a detailed description of the realm, see The Display of the Pure Land of Sukhāvatī, Toh 115. In some tantras that make reference to the five families he is the tathāgata associated with the lotus family.Amitābha, “Infinite Light,” is also known in many Indian Buddhist works as Amitāyus, “Infinite Life.” In both East Asian and Tibetan Buddhist traditions he is often conflated with another buddha named “Infinite Life,” Aparimitāyus, or “Infinite Life and Wisdom,”Aparimitāyurjñāna, the shorter version of whose name has also been back-translated from Tibetan into Sanskrit as Amitāyus but who presides over a realm in the zenith. For details on the relation between these buddhas and their names, see The Aparimitāyurjñāna Sūtra (1) Toh 674, i.9.

The world sphere where Tathāgata Amitāyurjñāna­viniścaya­rājendra lives.

One of the tathāgatas attending the delivery of the MMK. His name is elsewhere also given as “Amitāyurviniścaya­rājendra.”

This seems to be another name for Amitavyūhavatī, the buddhafield where Tathāgata Amitāyurjñāna­viniścaya­rājendra lives.

Another name of Amitāyurjñāna­viniścaya­rāja.

This seems to be another name for Amitavyūhavatī, the buddhafield where Tathāgata Amitāyurjñāna­viniścaya­rājendra lives.

One of the vidyārāja s dwelling with Śākyamuni in the realm of the Pure Abode.

One of the tathāgatas attending the delivery of the MMK.

A vidyārāja from the personal retinue of Vajrapāṇi.

One of the pratyeka­buddhas attending the delivery of the MMK.

One of the sixteen great bodhisattvas. The content of the list varies from text to text.

One of the tathāgatas attending the delivery of the MMK.

A major śrāvaka disciple and personal attendant of the Buddha Śākyamuni during the last twenty-five years of his life. He was a cousin of the Buddha (according to the Mahāvastu, he was a son of Śuklodana, one of the brothers of King Śuddhodana, which means he was a brother of Devadatta; other sources say he was a son of Amṛtodana, another brother of King Śuddhodana, which means he would have been a brother of Aniruddha).Ānanda, having always been in the Buddha’s presence, is said to have memorized all the teachings he heard and is celebrated for having recited all the Buddha’s teachings by memory at the first council of the Buddhist saṅgha, thus preserving the teachings after the Buddha’s parinirvāṇa. The phrase “Thus did I hear at one time,” found at the beginning of the sūtras, usually stands for his recitation of the teachings. He became a patriarch after the passing of Mahākāśyapa.One of the śrāvakas attending the delivery of the MMK.

One of the kings of the nāga s.

One of the female śrāvakas attending the delivery of the MMK.

One of the bodhisattvas attending the delivery of the MMK.

One of the śrāvakas attending the delivery of the MMK.

One of the kinnara kings.

One of the bodhisattvas attending the delivery of the MMK.

One of the vidyārāja s dwelling with Śākyamuni in the realm of the Pure Abode.

One of the tathāgatas attending the delivery of the MMK.

One of the dhāraṇī goddesses present at the delivery of the MMK.

One of the bodhisattvas attending the delivery of the MMK.

A vidyārāja from the personal retinue of Vajrapāṇi.

One of the pratyeka­buddhas attending the delivery of the MMK.

One of the bodhisattvas attending the delivery of the MMK.

One of the uṣṇīṣa kings attending the delivery of the MMK.

One of the śrāvakas attending the delivery of the MMK.

One of the kings of the piśācas.

One of the kings of the rākṣasas.

One of the bodhisattvas attending the delivery of the MMK.

One of the vidyārājñīs dwelling with Śākyamuni in the realm of the Pure Abode.

One of the tathāgatas attending the delivery of the MMK.

One of the vidyārājñīs dwelling with Śākyamuni in the realm of the Pure Abode.

One of the bodhisattvas attending the delivery of the MMK.

One of the tathāgatas attending the delivery of the MMK.

One of the tathāgatas attending the delivery of the MMK.

One of the bodhisattvas attending the delivery of the MMK.

One of the śrāvakas attending the delivery of the MMK.

A lake north of the Himālayas believed to be the source of the river Sutlej and identified with Rakshastal.

One of the great yakṣiṇīs; the name seems to be synonymous with Tamasundarī.

One of the seven yakṣiṇīs.

A region on the Deccan Plateau.

An ancient country whose territory spanned parts of what is today eastern Bihar and West Bengal.

A vidyārāja from the personal retinue of Vajrapāṇi.

The planet Mars.

One of the sages ( ṛṣi ).

The name of a nakṣatra.

See “cubit.”

See “yoke.”

One of the great dūtīs attending upon Lord Vajrapāṇi; one of the great yakṣiṇīs.

One of the śrāvakas attending the delivery of the MMK.

One of the bodhisattvas attending the delivery of the MMK.

One of the bodhisattvas attending the delivery of the MMK.

A gesture of salutation, with the palms of the hands pressed together at the heart.

One of the śrāvakas attending the delivery of the MMK.

The name of a nakṣatra.

One of the kings of the nāga s.

One of the “four sisters” invoked in a mantra; one of the great dūtīs attending upon Lord Vajrapāṇi.

One of the mantra deities.

A class of nonhuman beings believed to cause epilepsy, fits, and loss of memory. As their name suggests‍—the Skt. apasmāra literally means “without memory” and the Tib. brjed byed means “causing forgetfulness”‍—they are defined by the condition they cause in affected humans, and the term can refer to any nonhuman being that causes such conditions, whether a bhūta, a piśāca, or other.

One of the grahas.

One of the sixteen great bodhisattvas. The content of the list varies from text to text.

One of the gods’ realms; also the name of the gods living there.

A type of goddess.

See “Kumbha.”

One of the twenty-four (the number may vary according to source) pīṭhas, or places of pilgrimage mentioned in the tantras.

One of the vidyārājñīs dwelling with Śākyamuni in the realm of the Pure Abode.

The name of a nakṣatra.

One of the pratyeka­buddhas attending the delivery of the MMK.

“Worthy one” is an epithet applied to the original (usually sixteen) disciples of the Buddha; also a term for any being who attained nirvāṇa by following the Hīnayāna vehicle.

See “Meṣa.”

A legendary king before the time of the Buddha.

A vidyārāja from the personal retinue of Vajrapāṇi.

One of the tathāgatas attending the delivery of the MMK.

One of the śrāvakas attending the delivery of the MMK.

Name of a yakṣa .

One of the great dūtīs attending upon Lord Vajrapāṇi.

The name of a nakṣatra.

A vidyārāja from the personal retinue of Vajrapāṇi.

One of the kinnara kings.

One of the grahas.

One of the śrāvakas attending the delivery of the MMK.

The name of a nakṣatra. The Tibetan translation of the MMK provides the specific names of both of the Āṣāḍhās while the Sanskrit does not. See entries for Pūrvāṣāḍhā and Uttārāṣāḍhā.

One of the vidyārājñīs dwelling with Śākyamuni in the realm of the Pure Abode.

One of the gods’ realms, literally “Without Consciousness.”

Famous Yogācāra scholar.

Lightning; also lightning personified.

One of the tathāgatas attending the delivery of the MMK.

“Razor Leaves,” one of the hells.

One of the great yakṣiṇīs.

The name of a nakṣatra.

An emperor of the Maurya dynasty who ruled much of the Indian subcontinent from c. 268 to 232 ʙᴄᴇ.

One of the great yakṣiṇīs.

A technical term used in astrology. It means that one planet or astrological entity influences another such entity, because of the angle that it is positioned in relation to it.

One of the female śrāvakas attending the delivery of the MMK.

One of the sages ( ṛṣi ).

A class of divine beings ranking below gods (deva), known for their jealous and warlike disposition.

One of the rāśis.

A female asura.

One of the dhāraṇī goddesses present at the delivery of the MMK.

One of the vidyārāja s dwelling with Śākyamuni in the realm of the Pure Abode.

A legendary king before the time of the Buddha.

The name of a nakṣatra.

One of the gods’ realms; also used as the name of the gods living there.

One of the cold hells.

Along with the Ṛg Veda, Yajur Veda, and Sāma Veda, one of the four Vedas, the most ancient Sanskrit religious literature of India.

One of the great dūtīs attending upon Lord Vajrapāṇi.

One of the great yakṣiṇīs.

One of the tathāgatas attending the delivery of the MMK.

One of the bodhisattvas attending the delivery of the MMK; one of the sages ( ṛṣi ).

A vidyārāja from the personal retinue of Vajrapāṇi.

One of the uṣṇīṣa kings attending the delivery of the MMK.

One of the uṣṇīṣa kings attending the delivery of the MMK.

One of the tathāgatas attending the delivery of the MMK.

One of the bodhisattvas attending the delivery of the MMK.

One of the vidyārājñīs dwelling with Śākyamuni in the realm of the Pure Abode.

One of the vidyārāja s dwelling with Śākyamuni in the realm of the Pure Abode.

One of the “eight close sons of the Buddha,” he is also known as the bodhisattva who embodies compassion. In certain tantras, he is also the lord of the three families, where he embodies the compassion of the buddhas. In Tibet, he attained great significance as a special protector of Tibet, and in China, in female form, as Guanyin, the most important bodhisattva in all of East Asia.One of the bodhisattvas attending the delivery of the MMK.

This seems to be one of the hells.

The worst of the hell realms.

One of the tathāgatas attending the delivery of the MMK.

One of the uṣṇīṣa kings attending the delivery of the MMK.

One of the bodhisattvas attending the delivery of the MMK.

One of the gods’ realms; also used as the name of the gods living there.

This may be awakening in the literal sense, as from sleep, but in the Buddhist context it is the awakening from ignorance, i.e., the direct realization of truth.

A vidyārāja from the personal retinue of Vajrapāṇi; one of the kings of asuras.

One of the dhāraṇī goddesses present at the delivery of the MMK.

One of the great piśācīs.

One of the great piśācīs.

One of the female śrāvakas attending the delivery of the MMK.

One of the eight tathāgatas.

A vidyārāja from the personal retinue of Vajrapāṇi; a south Indian king contemporary with Mahendra .

One of the Gupta emperors, the successor of king Skanda.

One of the ancient kings.

The name of a town.

One of the grahas.

One of the dhāraṇī goddesses present at the delivery of the MMK.

An offering made to a deity or spirits; bali may be elaborate with food, incense, lamps, etc., but this term may also denote, in the MMK at least, a sacrificial cake similar to the Tibetan torma.

Possibly the island of Bali in the Indonesian archipelago, but this identification is rather problematic.

One of the kings of the asuras.

One of the mantra deities.

A park in Rājagṛha where the Buddha taught.

A vidyārāja from the personal retinue of Vajrapāṇi.

See “mleccha.”

An ancient country corresponding to the modern Balkh.

One of the śrāvakas attending the delivery of the MMK.

One of the śrāvakas attending the delivery of the MMK.

The name of a pair of nakṣatras.

A bodhisattva in one of the paintings of Śākyamuni.

One of the bodhisattvas attending the delivery of the MMK.

One of the śrāvakas attending the delivery of the MMK; one of the eight great śrāvakas.

An unidentified Gauḍa (Bengali) king.

“Sister”; a class of female spirits.

One of the vidyārājñīs dwelling with Śākyamuni in the realm of the Pure Abode.

One of the sages ( ṛṣi ).

One of the vidyārājñīs dwelling with Śākyamuni in the realm of the Pure Abode.

One of the three branches of the river Gaṅgā in its early course.

One of the kings of Nepal.

One of the tathāgatas attending the delivery of the MMK; one of the eight tathāgatas.

One of the sixteen great bodhisattvas. The content of the list varies from text to text.

One of the kings of Nepal.

A vidyārāja from the personal retinue of Vajrapāṇi.

A sixth century king of the imperial Gupta dynasty.

One of the garuḍa kings.

One of the śrāvakas attending the delivery of the MMK.

The name of a nakṣatra.

A legendary king before the time of the Buddha.

One of the tathāgatas attending the delivery of the MMK.

The younger brother of the king Samudragupta.

One of the great piśācīs.

One of the great piśācīs.

One of the kings of Nepal.

A yakṣiṇī invoked in magical rites.

An ancient king of Kāmarūpa.

One of the pratyeka­buddhas attending the delivery of the MMK.

One of the female śrāvakas attending the delivery of the MMK.

One of the female śrāvakas attending the delivery of the MMK.

One of the mahoraga kings.

One of the mahoraga kings.

One of the kings of the rākṣasas.

One of the vidyārājñīs dwelling with Śākyamuni in the realm of the Pure Abode.

One of the vidyārājñīs dwelling with Śākyamuni in the realm of the Pure Abode.

The capital city of one of the subterranean paradises inhabited by nāga s.

One of the muhūrtas.

One of the muhūrtas.

A vidyārāja from the personal retinue of Vajrapāṇi.

One of the great dūtīs attending upon Lord Vajrapāṇi.

One of the great dūtīs attending upon Lord Vajrapāṇi; one of the great piśācīs.

One of the deified female bodhisattvas; one of the vidyārājñīs dwelling with Śākyamuni in the realm of the Pure Abode.

One of the rāśis.

A vidyārāja from the personal retinue of Vajrapāṇi; also, one of the personal attendants on Śiva.

One of the vidyārājñīs attending the delivery of the MMK.

One of the kings of Nepal.

One of the vidyārājñīs dwelling with Śākyamuni in the realm of the Pure Abode.

This term in its broadest sense can refer to any being, whether human, animal, or nonhuman. However, it is often used to refer to a specific class of nonhuman beings, especially when bhūtas are mentioned alongside rākṣasas, piśācas, or pretas. In common with these other kinds of nonhumans, bhūtas are usually depicted with unattractive and misshapen bodies. Like several other classes of nonhuman beings, bhūtas take spontaneous birth. As their leader is traditionally regarded to be Rudra-Śiva (also known by the name Bhūta), with whom they haunt dangerous and wild places, bhūtas are especially prominent in Śaivism, where large sections of certain tantras concentrate on them.

Epithet of Rudra; also of Maheśvara.

One of the tathāgatas attending the delivery of the MMK.

One of the tathāgatas attending the delivery of the MMK.

One of the vidyārājñīs dwelling with Śākyamuni in the realm of the Pure Abode.

A vidyārāja from the personal retinue of Vajrapāṇi.

One of the uṣṇīṣa kings attending the delivery of the MMK.

One of the vidyārājñīs dwelling with Śākyamuni in the realm of the Pure Abode.

One of the rāśis.

Aegle marmelos, or wood-apple tree.

The king of Magadha and a great patron of the Buddha. His birth coincided with the Buddha’s, and his father, King Mahāpadma, named him “Essence of Gold” after mistakenly attributing the brilliant light that marked the Buddha’s birth to the birth of his son by Queen Bimbī (“Goldie”). Accounts of Bimbisāra’s youth and life can be found in The Chapter on Going Forth (Toh 1-1, Pravrajyāvastu).King Śreṇya Bimbisāra first met with the Buddha early on, when the latter was the wandering mendicant known as Gautama. Impressed by his conduct, Bimbisāra offered to take Gautama into his court, but Gautama refused, and Bimbisāra wished him success in his quest for awakening and asked him to visit his palace after he had achieved his goal. One account of this episode can be found in the sixteenth chapter of The Play in Full (Toh 95, Lalitavistara). There are other accounts where the two meet earlier on in childhood; several episodes can be found, for example, in The Hundred Deeds (Toh 340, Karmaśataka). Later, after the Buddha’s awakening, Bimbisāra became one of his most famous patrons and donated to the saṅgha the Bamboo Grove, Veṇuvana, at the outskirts of the capital of Magadha, Rājagṛha, where he built residences for the monks. Bimbisāra was imprisoned and killed by his own son, the prince Ajātaśatru, who, influenced by Devadatta, sought to usurp his father’s throne.

An ornamental dot painted between the eyebrows.

The second Mauryan emperor, son of Candragupta.

One of the rāśis.

In the general Mahāyāna teachings the mind of awakening (bodhicitta) is the intention to attain the complete awakening of a perfect buddha for the sake of all beings. On the level of absolute truth, the mind of awakening is the realization of the awakened state itself.

A person/being (sattva) who has vowed to attain awakening (bodhi) in order to free all beings from cyclic existence.

One of the ten (or thirteen) levels of bodhisattva realization.

One of the dhāraṇī goddesses present at the delivery of the MMK.

A high-ranking deity presiding over a divine world; he is also considered to be the lord of the Sahā world (our universe). Though not considered a creator god in Buddhism, Brahmā occupies an important place as one of two gods (the other being Indra/Śakra) said to have first exhorted the Buddha Śākyamuni to teach the Dharma. The particular heavens found in the form realm over which Brahmā rules are often some of the most sought-after realms of higher rebirth in Buddhist literature. Since there are many universes or world systems, there are also multiple Brahmās presiding over them. His most frequent epithets are “Lord of the Sahā World” (sahāṃpati) and Great Brahmā (mahābrahman).

“Brahmā, the lord of the Sahā universe,” one of the Brahmās.

A king before the time of the Buddha.

One of the gods’ realms; also the name of the gods living there.

One of the great mātṛs.

One of the gods’ realms; also the name of the gods living there.

A river in India.

A river in India.

A class of powerful demons.

A member of the priestly caste.

One of the vidyārājñīs dwelling with Śākyamuni in the realm of the Pure Abode.

One of the vidyārājñīs dwelling with Śākyamuni in the realm of the Pure Abode.

The planet Jupiter. The Tibetan translation phur bu reflects the Sanskrit Kīlaka, which is also a name for the planet Jupiter.

One of the gods’ realms; also the name of the gods living there.

This location couldn’t be identified.

A fully realized (“awakened”) being; when referring to a particular buddha or tathāgata, this term is capitalized.

“The Eye of the Buddha,” one of the mantra deities.

One of the vidyārājñīs dwelling with Śākyamuni in the realm of the Pure Abode.

The first king of the “yakṣa” dynasty, most likely Kadphises I.

The planet Mercury; a legendary king before the time of the Buddha; a south Indian king, the son of Śaṅkara .

Clitoria ternatea.

A solar month in the Indic calendar, roughly from mid-March to mid-April.

The Tibetan translates both stūpa and caitya with the same word, mchod rten, meaning “basis” or “recipient” of “offerings” or “veneration.” Pali: cetiya.A caitya, although often synonymous with stūpa, can also refer to any site, sanctuary or shrine that is made for veneration, and may or may not contain relics.A stūpa, literally “heap” or “mound,” is a mounded or circular structure usually containing relics of the Buddha or the masters of the past. It is considered to be a sacred object representing the awakened mind of a buddha, but the symbolism of the stūpa is complex, and its design varies throughout the Buddhist world. Stūpas continue to be erected today as objects of veneration and merit making.

Apart from the standard meaning of a universal emperor or wheel-turning monarch, this term, often along with “tathāgata,” is used as an epithet describing a class of mantra deities also referred to as “ uṣṇīṣa kings.”

One of the eight uṣṇīṣa kings.

Name of a yakṣa .

One of the kings of the nāga s.

One of the great mātṛs.

The minister of the king Bindusāra.

See “Karkaṭaka.”

A king based in Ujjain; a contemporary of the Buddha.

One of the great dūtīs attending upon Lord Vajrapāṇi.

One of the pratyeka­buddhas attending the delivery of the MMK; one of the eight chief pratyeka­buddhas; one of the pratyeka­buddhas in the maṇḍala of Mañjuśrī.

Another name of the king Mahendra ; the Gupta emperor Viṣṇugupta (early eighth century); the name of a celestial bodhisattva.

One of the vidyārājñīs dwelling with Śākyamuni in the realm of the Pure Abode.

The river Chenab in the Punjab.

Or Candragupta Maurya, the founder of the Mauryan Empire.

One of the sixteen great bodhisattvas. The content of the list varies from text to text.

An ancient king, contemporary of the Buddha.

One of the vidyārājñīs dwelling with Śākyamuni in the realm of the Pure Abode.

The king identified with Kharagraha of the Maitraka dynasty.

Name of a yakṣa .

See “Makara.”

One of the bodhisattvas attending the delivery of the MMK.

One of the vidyārāja s dwelling with Śākyamuni in the realm of the Pure Abode.

A class of spirits causing quartan fever.

Servant; also a class of spirits used as servants.

One of the vidyārājñīs attending the delivery of the MMK.

Female ceṭa.

A class of female spirits.

One of the rāśis.

One of the tathāgatas attending the delivery of the MMK; one of the pratyeka­buddhas.

One of the pratyeka­buddhas attending the delivery of the MMK.

One of the great piśācīs.

A legendary king before the time of the Buddha.

The name of a nakṣatra.

A king of vidyādharas.

One of the great yakṣiṇīs.

One of the kinnara kings.

The exact meaning of this term is uncertain; it could mean mental clarity or calmness.

The tenth level of the bodhisattva’s realization.

Mesua roxburghii. The Sanskrit literally translates as “ nāga flowers.”

See “empowerment.”

Calotropis gigantea.

A measure of length; also, an angular cubit is the measure of angular distance equal to about 2 degrees.

One of the tathāgatas attending the delivery of the MMK.

“Sucker,” a class of malevolent spirits.

A class of demons.

A class of female spirits; also applies to a class of Buddhist deities.

An iconographic aspect of Śiva who is facing south.

One of the vidyārāja s dwelling with Śākyamuni in the realm of the Pure Abode.

One of the vidyārājñīs dwelling with Śākyamuni in the realm of the Pure Abode.

A class of asuras; the terms dānava and asura are virtually synonymous.

A vidyārāja from the personal retinue of Vajrapāṇi.

A vidyārāja from the personal retinue of Vajrapāṇi.

One of the great dūtīs attending upon Lord Vajrapāṇi.

One of the dhāraṇī goddesses present at the delivery of the MMK.

One of the tathāgatas attending the delivery of the MMK.

The fourth and most debased in the cycle of four eons. The term is written elsewhere in the translation as “kaliyuga.”

One of the vidyārājñīs dwelling with Śākyamuni in the realm of the Pure Abode.

An unidentified river in India.

A legendary king before the time of the Buddha.

A legendary king before the time of the Buddha.

“Ten Lakes,” the country southeast of Madhyadeśa.

An ascetic statesman.

Any of the five or six types of rebirth.

One of the rāśis; the Gupta emperor Devagupta II (seventh to eighth centuries).

One of the kings of the asuras.

One of the śrāvakas attending the delivery of the MMK.

Another name of the king identified by Jayaswal as king Skanda (Jayaswal 1934, p. 33).

One of the female śrāvakas attending the delivery of the MMK.

The name of a nakṣatra.

One of the vidyārājñīs dwelling with Śākyamuni in the realm of the Pure Abode.

Achyrantes aspera.

Butea frondosa.

Epithet of Kubera.

One of the vidyārājñīs dwelling with Śākyamuni in the realm of the Pure Abode.

One of the śrāvakas attending the delivery of the MMK.

One of the vidyārājñīs dwelling with Śākyamuni in the realm of the Pure Abode.

One of the śrāvakas attending the delivery of the MMK.

The name of a nakṣatra.

Sagittarius (zodiac sign and constellation); also the name of an ancient king.

Name of an important Buddhist site in Andhra, near Amarāvatī.

The Maitraka dynasty that started from Dharasena I.

Type of a magical formula; this term might also refer to the (female) deity embodying this formula.

The ruler of Magadha identified as Dharasena IV.

One of the pratyeka­buddhas attending the delivery of the MMK.

One of the female śrāvakas attending the delivery of the MMK.

See “sphere of phenomena.”

A tathāgata.

One of the bodhisattvas attending the delivery of the MMK.

One of the tathāgatas attending the delivery of the MMK.

One of the tathāgatas attending the delivery of the MMK.

One of the vidyārājñīs attending the delivery of the MMK; one of the great dūtīs.

One of the great dūtīs attending upon Lord Vajrapāṇi.

One of the garuḍa kings.

“Intelligent One,” an epithet of Mañjuśrī (the masculine form of the name would be Dhīmān).

One of the female śrāvakas attending the delivery of the MMK.

The king of the gandharvas (one of the four great kings of the directions).

One of the female śrāvakas attending the delivery of the MMK.

The king identified with Dhruvasena II of the Maitraka dynasty.

One of the grahas.

The ruler of Magadha identified as Dhruvasena III.

One of the great piśācīs.

One of the grahas.

One of the tathāgatas attending the delivery of the MMK.

One of the great piśācīs.

One of the grahas.

A legendary king before the time of the Buddha.

One of the grahas.

One of the dhāraṇī goddesses present at the delivery of the MMK.

One of the tathāgatas attending the delivery of the MMK.

Translated here as “comtemplation” and “meditation.” It can also mean “visualization.”

One of the rāśis.

One of the śrāvakas attending the delivery of the MMK.

One of the śrāvakas attending the delivery of the MMK.

One of the female śrāvakas attending the delivery of the MMK.

A legendary king before the time of the Buddha.

One of the śrāvakas attending the delivery of the MMK.

A class of malevolent spirits.

An ascetic statesman.

One of the pratyeka­buddhas attending the delivery of the MMK.

One of the tathāgatas attending the delivery of the MMK.

One of the mahoraga kings.

One of the tathāgatas attending the delivery of the MMK.

One of the tathāgatas attending the delivery of the MMK.

A common epithet for gods.

See “kumāra.”

One of the tathāgatas attending the delivery of the MMK.

The region inhabited by peoples who speak Tamil, Telugu, Kanarese, Malayalam, and Tulu.

One of the kings of the rākṣasas.

One of the śrāvakas attending the delivery of the MMK.

The teacher and preceptor to the Kaurava and Pāṇḍava kings.

Name of a country.

One of the kinnara kings.

One of the rāśis.

One of the śrāvakas attending the delivery of the MMK.

One of the female śrāvakas attending the delivery of the MMK.

One of the vidyārājñīs dwelling with Śākyamuni in the realm of the Pure Abode.

One of the female śrāvakas attending the delivery of the MMK.

One of the tathāgatas attending the delivery of the MMK; one of the eight tathāgatas; one of the pratyeka­buddhas attending the delivery of the MMK.

One of the kings of the nāga s.

One of the tathāgatas attending the delivery of the MMK; one of the pratyeka­buddhas.

One of the tathāgatas attending the delivery of the MMK.

One of the bodhisattvas attending the delivery of the MMK.

One of the tathāgatas attending the delivery of the MMK.

One of the tathāgatas attending the delivery of the MMK.

One of the tathāgatas attending the delivery of the MMK.

One of the tathāgatas attending the delivery of the MMK.

One of the great piśācīs.

One of the great piśācīs.

One of the tathāgatas attending the delivery of the MMK.

A vidyārāja from the personal retinue of Vajrapāṇi.

One of the grahas.

A class of nonhuman beings, often employed in the service of the practitioner.

Female dūta.

One of the great dūtīs attending upon Lord Vajrapāṇi.

The Gupta emperor Dvādaśāditya (early eighth century).

One of the vidyārāja s dwelling with Śākyamuni in the realm of the Pure Abode.

The third in the cycle of four eons.

One of the great dūtīs attending upon Lord Vajrapāṇi.

A vidyārāja from the personal retinue of Vajrapāṇi.

One of the śrāvakas attending the delivery of the MMK.

One of the śrāvakas attending the delivery of the MMK.

One of the tathāgatas attending the delivery of the MMK.

One of the vidyārājñīs dwelling with Śākyamuni in the realm of the Pure Abode.

A class of eight gods who are personifications of natural phenomena.

One of the great piśācīs.

A title used when addressing the most venerable bhikṣus.

There are eighteen such psycho-physical elements‍—the twelve sense fields plus the six types of sensory perception.

See “mudrā.”

Literally “sprinkling,” abhiṣeka is a ritual consecration that often functions as a deity empowerment. The term is also translated in this text as “initiation.”

A cosmic period of time, sometimes equivalent to the time when a world system appears, exists, and disappears. According to the traditional Abhidharma understanding of cyclical time, a great eon (mahākalpa) is divided into eighty lesser eons. In the course of one great eon, the universe takes form and later disappears. During the first twenty of the lesser eons, the universe is in the process of creation and expansion; during the next twenty it remains; during the third twenty, it is in the process of destruction; and during the last quarter of the cycle, it remains in a state of empty stasis. A fortunate, or good, eon (bhadrakalpa) refers to any eon in which more than one buddha appears.

See “welcome offering.”

Acts for which one will be reborn in hell immediately after death, without any intervening stages; they include killing one’s mother, father, or an arhat, causing a dissention in the saṅgha, and causing the blood of a tathāgata to flow. The term is also written in this translation as the “five karmas of immediate retribution.”

Five signs that the later era of an eon has arrived: degenerate views, afflictions, beings, lifespan, and time.

See “five acts of immediate retribution.”

The five are: divine eye, divine ear, knowing the thoughts of others, memory of former lifetimes, and magical powers.

Acacia sirissa.

See “Pāṭaliputra.”

The precise identity of this metal or metal compound is currently unclear. The Tibetan translation of the term means “high-quality metal.”

Four gods who live on the lower slopes (fourth level) of Mount Meru in the eponymous Heaven of the Four Great Kings (Cāturmahā­rājika, rgyal chen bzhi’i ris) and guard the four cardinal directions. Each is the leader of a nonhuman class of beings living in his realm. They are Dhṛtarāṣṭra, ruling the gandharvas in the east; Virūḍhaka, ruling over the kumbhāṇḍas in the south; Virūpākṣa, ruling the nāgas in the west; and Vaiśravaṇa (also known as Kubera) ruling the yakṣas in the north. Also referred to as Guardians of the World or World Protectors (lokapāla, ’jig rten skyong ba).

In the sūtra system, these four types of demonic influence are: the māra of aggregates, the māra of afflictive emotions, the māra of death, and the māra of divine pride.

The “fourfold assembly” consists of monks, nuns, and the male and female lay practitioners.

A vidyārāja from the personal retinue of Vajrapāṇi.

One of the bodhisattvas attending the delivery of the MMK.

One of the bodhisattvas attending the delivery of the MMK.

One of the sixteen great bodhisattvas. The content of the list varies from text to text.

One of the tathāgatas attending the delivery of the MMK.

One of the bodhisattvas attending the delivery of the MMK.

One of the celestial bodhisattvas.

The second king of the “yakṣa” dynasty, most likely Kadphises II.

A class of spirits.

Probably another name of Śaṅkara, a contemporary of Mahendra .

A goddess of perfume invoked in a mantra.

One of the bodhisattvas attending the delivery of the MMK.

One of the pratyeka­buddhas in the maṇḍala of Mañjuśrī.

One of the pratyeka­buddhas attending the delivery of the MMK; one of the eight chief pratyeka­buddhas.

A mountain east of Mount Sumeru.

A class of generally benevolent nonhuman beings who inhabit the skies, sometimes said to inhabit fantastic cities in the clouds, and more specifically to dwell on the eastern slopes of Mount Meru, where they are ruled by the Great King Dhṛtarāṣṭra. They are most renowned as celestial musicians who serve the gods. In the Abhidharma, the term is also used to refer to the mental body assumed by sentient beings during the intermediate state between death and rebirth. Gandharvas are said to live on fragrances (gandha) in the desire realm, hence the Tibetan translation dri za, meaning “scent eater.”

One of the rāśis.

A female gandharva.

The Gaṅgā, or Ganges in English, is considered to be the most sacred river of India, particularly within the Hindu tradition. It starts in the Himalayas, flows through the northern plains of India, bathing the holy city of Vārāṇasī, and meets the sea at the Bay of Bengal, in Bangladesh. In the sūtras, however, this river is mostly mentioned not for its sacredness but for its abundant sands‍—noticeable still today on its many sandy banks and at its delta‍—which serve as a common metaphor for infinitely large numbers.According to Buddhist cosmology, as explained in the Abhidharmakośa, it is one of the four rivers that flow from Lake Anavatapta and cross the southern continent of Jambudvīpa‍—the known human world or more specifically the Indian subcontinent.

One of the śrāvakas attending the delivery of the MMK.

One of the tathāgatas attending the delivery of the MMK.

One of the bodhisattvas attending the delivery of the MMK.

In Indian mythology, the garuḍa is an eagle-like bird that is regarded as the king of all birds, normally depicted with a sharp, owl-like beak, often holding a snake, and with large and powerful wings. They are traditionally enemies of the nāgas. In the Vedas, they are said to have brought nectar from the heavens to earth. Garuḍa can also be used as a proper name for a king of such creatures.

The celestial garuḍa, often serving as the mount of Viṣṇu.

One of the śrāvakas attending the delivery of the MMK.

One of the bodhisattvas attending the delivery of the MMK.

A part of Bengal bordering Orissa, also the name of the dynasty that ruled there.

One of the sages ( ṛṣi ).

One of the śrāvakas attending the delivery of the MMK.

One of the śrāvakas attending the delivery of the MMK.

See “Mithuna.”

One of the kinnara kings.

One of the great dūtīs attending upon Lord Vajrapāṇi.

A unit of time equaling approximately 24 minutes.

One of the kings of rākṣasas; one of the kings of piśācas; one of the grahas; a vidyārāja from the personal retinue of Vajrapāṇi.

A vidyārāja from the personal retinue of Vajrapāṇi; one of the kings of the piśācas.

One of the great yakṣiṇīs.

One of the śrāvakas attending the delivery of the MMK.

See “Samantāvabhāsa­śrī.”

One of the mantra deities closely related to the uṣṇīṣa kings, or perhaps one of them.

The most auspicious in the cycle of four eons.

This name seems to refer to the founder of the Śuṅga dynasty, Puṣyamitra Śuṅga.

Identified as Goparāja, early sixth century, of the imperial Gupta dynasty.

Another name of the Pāla dynasty.

More often called Gopāla, the ruler of Bengal around the middle of the eighth century.

A south Indian king contemporary with Mahendra .

One of the great piśācīs.

A south Indian king contemporary with Pulakeśin II.

A class of nonhuman beings able to enter and possess the human body; a class of beings, such as Rāhu, that cause solar and lunar eclipses; a planet (this category includes the sun and the moon but excludes the earth); a planet or planetary influence personified.

One of the kings of the Nāgasena dynasty, identified with Grahavarman; one of the ancient kings of Madhyadeśa.

A vidyārāja from the personal retinue of Vajrapāṇi.

One of the kings of the piśācas.

One of the Brahmās.

Definitions regarding the duration of one “great eon” vary, but are normally given in billions of (human) years. One great eon is divided into eighty intermediate eons, or, according to a different system, into four. Both systems of division are reconciled by grouping the eighty intermediate eons into four units of twenty.

Name of a yakṣa .

An epithet of Yamāntaka; also the namesake mantra. The name is also written in this translation as “Lord of Great Wrath.”

One of the major three Buddhist schools, Hīnayāna (Small Vehicle), Mahāyāna (Great Vehicle), and Vajrayāna (Diamond Vehicle). The Great Vehicle is characterized by its emphasis on compassion and altruistic principles of the bodhisattva path.

One of the vidyārājñīs attending the delivery of the MMK.

One of the great dūtīs attending upon Lord Vajrapāṇi.

One of the great dūtīs attending upon Lord Vajrapāṇi.

One of the seven yakṣiṇīs.

One of the great dūtīs attending upon Lord Vajrapāṇi.

A subclass of yakṣa s, but much of the time used as an alternative name for yakṣa s.

Name of a yakṣa .

One of the great yakṣiṇīs.

A female guhyaka.

One of the great dūtīs attending upon Lord Vajrapāṇi.

One of the great yakṣiṇīs.

A country corresponding to modern Gujarat.

One of the śrāvakas attending the delivery of the MMK.

One of the śrāvakas attending the delivery of the MMK.

“Swamp of Feces,” one of the hells.

One of the hells.

One of the vidyārāja s dwelling with Śākyamuni in the realm of the Pure Abode.

A krodha accomplished by the brahmin Pāṇini.

One of the kings of the Nāgasena dynasty, the successor of Viṣṇu (i.e., Viṣṇuvardhana).

One of the names of Viṣṇu, especially in his incarnation as Kṛṣṇa.

Name of a yakṣa .

A country in the east of India, roughly corresponding to modern Bengal.

Name of a yakṣa .

One of the śrāvakas attending the delivery of the MMK.

Name of a yakṣa .

Name of a yakṣa .

One of the great yakṣiṇīs.

The king of the horses.

The emperor of the Śrīkaṇṭha-Sthāṇvīśvara dynasty who ruled in Madhyadeśa in the first half of the seventh century; the king who succeeded Rājya­vardhana.

One of the grahas.

One of the grahas.

One of the great dūtīs attending upon Lord Vajrapāṇi.

One of the great dūtīs attending upon Lord Vajrapāṇi.

The name of a nakṣatra.

A wrathful emanation of Amitābha; an ancient king.

Name of a yakṣa .

One of the great dūtīs attending upon Lord Vajrapāṇi; a vidyā attendant upon Mañjuśrī; one of the great yakṣiṇīs.

This figure is identified in the Blue Annals with Songtsen Gampo, the first Tibetan Buddhist king.

The river near Kuśinagara on the banks of which the Buddha passed into final nirvāṇa.

A fire sacrifice where the practitioner offers an oblation a specified number of times; when this term refers to an individual oblation, it has been translated as “oblation.”

The king of Huns.

The dynasty originating from the legendary king Ikṣvāku.

One of the tathāgatas attending the delivery of the MMK.

The god Indra; Indra is often referred to by the epithet Śakra; when used in the plural it refers to a class of gods; The name of an ancient Buddhist king; one of the Buddhist mleccha kings.

One of the kings of the rākṣasas.

See “Aindrī.”

Another name of the king Gopendra.

A river in western India.

See “empowerment.”

When used to describe a measure of time, the term refers to period defined in relation to the “great eon”: eighty intermediate eons make one great eon.

The name of a nakṣatra.

The term avaivartika should not be confused with anāgamin. While the first is a Mahāyāna term referring to someone “not turning back,” i.e., irreversibly established on the path to full awakening, the other is a Hīnayāna term referring to an arhat of the third level who will not return to this world again.

The lord of mātṛs; one of the kings of the Nāgasena dynasty, identified with Īśānavarman.

Epithet of Śiva-Rudra.

One of the pratyeka­buddhas attending the delivery of the MMK.

One of the vidyārāja s dwelling with Śākyamuni in the realm of the Pure Abode.

One of the sages ( ṛṣi ).

Name of a yakṣa .

A vidyārāja from the personal retinue of Vajrapāṇi.

This seems to be another name for Jambhala.

One of the sages ( ṛṣi ).

One of the gods of wealth.

This seems to be another name of Jambhala.

The name of the southern continent in Buddhist cosmology, which can signify either the known human world, or more specifically the Indian subcontinent, literally “the jambu island/continent.” Jambu is the name used for a range of plum-like fruits from trees belonging to the genus Szygium, particularly Szygium jambos and Szygium cumini, and it has commonly been rendered “rose apple,” although “black plum” may be a less misleading term. Among various explanations given for the continent being so named, one (in the Abhidharmakośa) is that a jambu tree grows in its northern mountains beside Lake Anavatapta, mythically considered the source of the four great rivers of India, and that the continent is therefore named from the tree or the fruit. Jambudvīpa has the Vajrāsana at its center and is the only continent upon which buddhas attain awakening.

The nephew of Lha Lama Yeshe O, a king of the Yarlung imperial Tibetan line who ruled in the Western Tibetan kingdom of Gugé. Jangchub O is famously remembered for inviting the Indian teacher Atiśa to come to Tibet on his uncle’s orders. He was likely born in the early 11th century.

One of the vidyārājñīs dwelling with Śākyamuni in the realm of the Pure Abode.

One of the female śrāvakas attending the delivery of the MMK.

Another name for Agni, the god of fire.

The island of Java, part of the Indonesian archipelago.

A brahmin statesman.

One of the “four sisters” invoked in a mantra.

One of the great dūtīs attending upon Lord Vajrapāṇi; one of the great yakṣiṇīs.

One of the pratyeka­buddhas attending the delivery of the MMK.

One of the great dūtīs attending upon Lord Vajrapāṇi.

One of the female śrāvakas attending the delivery of the MMK.

One of the eight uṣṇīṣa kings.

One of the śrāvakas attending the delivery of the MMK.

One of the śrāvakas attending the delivery of the MMK.

One of the kings of Nepal, possibly Jiṣṇugupta of the seventh century.

One of the śrāvakas attending the delivery of the MMK.

One of the tathāgatas attending the delivery of the MMK.

One of the tathāgatas attending the delivery of the MMK.

See “Bṛhaspati.”

One of the mantra deities, possibly the same as Jvaloṣṇīṣa.

One of the great piśācīs.

“Blazing Uṣṇīṣa ,” the mantra of the tathāgata Śālendra­rāja.

Fever; a class of spirits causing fever.

A vidyārāja from the personal retinue of Vajrapāṇi.

The name of a nakṣatra.

The name of a nakṣatra.

One of the tathāgatas attending the delivery of the MMK.

One of the tathāgatas attending the delivery of the MMK.

One of the tathāgatas attending the delivery of the MMK.

One of the tathāgatas attending the delivery of the MMK.

One of the tathāgatas attending the delivery of the MMK.

One of the rāśis.

One of the vidyārājñīs dwelling with Śākyamuni in the realm of the Pure Abode.

Ficus oppositifolia.

One of the pratyeka­buddhas attending the delivery of the MMK; one of the śrāvakas; a vidyārāja from the personal retinue of Vajrapāṇi.

A vidyārāja from the personal retinue of Vajrapāṇi.

“Black Form.” This seems to be an epithet of Mūrdhaṭaka, one of the wrathful emanations of Mañjuśrī.

Unidentified.

One of the kings of the nāga s.

“Black Thread,” one of the hot hells.

When used in the plural, this is the name of an ancient country.

An ancient country on the Coromandel Coast.

See “dark eon.”

One of the kings of Nepal.

One of the vidyārāja s dwelling with Śākyamuni in the realm of the Pure Abode.

One of the vidyārāja s dwelling with Śākyamuni in the realm of the Pure Abode.

One of the uṣṇīṣa kings attending the delivery of the MMK.

One of the eight uṣṇīṣa kings.

Western Assam.

One of the great dūtīs attending upon Lord Vajrapāṇi.

One of the kings of the nāga s.

A class of malevolent spirits.

One of the great dūtīs attending upon Lord Vajrapāṇi.

God of earthquakes.

One of the great yakṣiṇīs.

One of the pratyeka­buddhas attending the delivery of the MMK. Possibly also a shortened form of the name of the tathāgata Kanakamuni.

One of the tathāgatas attending the delivery of the MMK.

One of the uṣṇīṣa kings attending the delivery of the MMK.

One of the uṣṇīṣa kings attending the delivery of the MMK.

A legendary king before the time of the Buddha.

One of the tathāgatas attending the delivery of the MMK.

The name for a number of plants and substances such as a fermented rice gruel, a medicinal plant, an edible legume, or a kind of creeping plant.

The lord of the rāśis.

Virgo (zodiac sign and constellation).

A city in India (modern Kanauj).

One of the vidyā s attending upon Mañjuśrī.

One of the śrāvakas attending the delivery of the MMK; one of the eight great śrāvakas.

One of the seven sages.

The city where Śākyamuni was born.

Meyna spinosa.

Cancer (zodiac sign and constellation).

One of the kings of the nāga s.

Karmic accumulation, positive or negative, that will produce results in the future, unless it is purified. This term is also translated in other instances as “activity” or “rite.” In these latter cases the term refers to a ritual activity (such as pacifying, nourishing, etc.) or a rite meant to accomplish such activity.

One of the female śrāvakas attending the delivery of the MMK.

One of the female śrāvakas attending the delivery of the MMK.

Another name of the king Vṛtsudhāna.

This seems to be the ancient name of Arakan, or what is now the Rakhine State in Myanmar.

Literally “inflow.” These are karmic influences that prompt an individual to act in a certain way, leading to the accumulation of karma.

A country corresponding to modern Karnataka State in India.

A class of godlings, probabably related to yakṣa s.

One of the gods’ realms; also used as the name of the gods living there.

A legendary king before the time of the Buddha.

A legendary king before the time of the Buddha.

Son of Śiva and a Hindu god of war.

One of the kinnara kings.

One of the vidyārājñīs attending the delivery of the MMK.

See “Vārāṇasī.”

A class of impure spirits.

Kashmir

One of the tathāgatas attending the delivery of the MMK; one of the eight tathāgatas; one of the previous buddhas; one of the śrāvakas attending the delivery of the MMK; also a short name of Mahākāśyapa.

A class of demons.

One of the great mātṛs.

One of the śrāvakas attending the delivery of the MMK.

One of the great mātṛs.

“One who belongs to the Kuśika lineage.” An epithet of the god Śakra, also known as Indra, the king of the gods in the Trāyastriṃśa heaven. In the Ṛgveda, Indra is addressed by the epithet Kauśika, with the implication that he is associated with the descendants of the Kuśika lineage (gotra) as their aiding deity. In later epic and Purāṇic texts, we find the story that Indra took birth as Gādhi Kauśika, the son of Kuśika and one of the Vedic poet-seers, after the Puru king Kuśika had performed austerities for one thousand years to obtain a son equal to Indra who could not be killed by others. In the Pāli Kusajātaka (Jāt V 141–45), the Buddha, in one of his former bodhisattva lives as a Trāyastriṃśa god, takes birth as the future king Kusa upon the request of Indra, who wishes to help the childless king of the Mallas, Okkaka, and his chief queen Sīlavatī. This story is also referred to by Nāgasena in the Milindapañha.

A river in the Deccan.

This seems to be one of the Himalayan countries; the Tibetan translation essentially means the front range of the Himalayas.

One of the vidyārāja s dwelling with Śākyamuni in the realm of the Pure Abode.

One of the great yakṣiṇīs.

One of the female śrāvakas attending the delivery of the MMK.

Another name for the king Vallabha .

One of the great yakṣiṇīs.

One of the great dūtīs attending upon Lord Vajrapāṇi.

One of the vidyā s attending upon Mañjuśrī.

Comet personified.

One of the tathāgatas attending the delivery of the MMK; one of the eight pratyeka­buddhas; also, the name of an ancient king.

One of the tathāgatas attending the delivery of the MMK.

One of the dhāraṇī goddesses present at the delivery of the MMK.

One of the dhāraṇī goddesses present at the delivery of the MMK.

One of the dhāraṇī goddesses present at the delivery of the MMK.

One of the rāśis.

One of the great dūtīs attending upon Lord Vajrapāṇi.

One of the tathāgatas attending the delivery of the MMK.

One of the grahas.

One of the śrāvakas attending the delivery of the MMK.

A country north of India.

Unidentified; the Tibetan translation could suggest the island of Langkawi. The Sanskrit text may be corrupt.

One of the vidyārājñīs dwelling with Śākyamuni in the realm of the Pure Abode.

One of the tathāgatas attending the delivery of the MMK.

Servant; also a class of spirits used as servants.

One of the tathāgatas attending the delivery of the MMK.

Female kiṃkara.

A class of malevolent spirits.

One of the śrāvakas attending the delivery of the MMK.

A class of semidivine beings, half human and half horse, or half human and half bird.

A female kinnara.

One of the ancient kings of Madhyadeśa.

One of the bodhisattvas attending the delivery of the MMK.

One of the female śrāvakas attending the delivery of the MMK.

See “vidyādhara.”

One of the tathāgatas.

A country in ancient India.

One of the śrāvakas attending the delivery of the MMK.

One of the tathāgatas attending the delivery of the MMK; one of the eight tathāgatas.

“Crying one,” a class of female spirits.

The context suggests that this is a class of powerful beings.

One of the pratyeka­buddhas attending the delivery of the MMK.

“Carrion eater,” a class of flesh-eating spirits.

One of the grahas.

A mere ritual performance (in contradistinction to karman , which is the same performance aiming at a particular outcome). The term is also used to denote a class of tantras, the Kriyā tantras.

A wrathful deity, usually on the sambhogakāya level; appears to be synonymous with krodharāja or mahākrodha.

A vidyārāja from the personal retinue of Vajrapāṇi.

“Lord of wrath.” In the MMK this term seems to refer in some cases to a whole class of divine beings, which can perhaps be regarded as the wrathful vidyārājas. “ Lord of Wrath ” elsewhere is an epithet of Yamāntaka.

One of the vidyārājñīs attending the delivery of the MMK.

One of the sages ( ṛṣi ).

One of the sages ( ṛṣi ).

A vidyārāja from the personal retinue of Vajrapāṇi.

The name of a nakṣatra.

A unit of time; ten kṣaṇas equals one muhūrta.

“Caustic River,” one of the hells.

A member of the warrior and administrative caste.

One of the grahas.

A tathāgata.

One of the kings of the asuras.

One of the vidyārājñīs dwelling with Śākyamuni in the realm of the Pure Abode.

A vidyārāja from the personal retinue of Vajrapāṇi.

One of the vidyārājñīs dwelling with Śākyamuni in the realm of the Pure Abode.

One of the kings of the nāga s.

One of the bodhisattvas attending the delivery of the MMK.

One of the bodhisattvas attending the delivery of the MMK.

One of the sixteen great bodhisattvas. The content of the list varies from text to text.

One of the bodhisattvas attending the delivery of the MMK.

“Razor Blade,” one of the hells.

The god of wealth and the king of the yakṣa s; one of the four great kings of the directions.

One of the hells.

One of the kings of the nāga s.

One of the great dūtīs attending upon Lord Vajrapāṇi.

One of the kings of the nāga s.

Apart from the usual meaning and usages (such as being a title of Mañjuśrī, etc.), this also seems to be the name of a class of nonhuman beings. The term is rendered elsewhere in this translation as “divine youth.”

One of the śrāvakas attending the delivery of the MMK; one of the grahas; the Gupta emperor Kumāragupta II; an ascetic statesman.

The name of an Indian preceptor and teacher who lived during the early Sarma (gsar ma) period (c. 11th century) and worked on the Tibetan translation of the Mañjuśrī­mūla­tantra.

One of the śrāvakas attending the delivery of the MMK.

A female kumāra.

One of the kings of rākṣasas; Aquarius (the zodiac sign and the constellation); a south Indian king contemporary with Mahendra .

One of the pratyeka­buddhas attending the delivery of the MMK.

One of the kings of the rākṣasas.

“Rotting Corpse,” one of the cold hells.

A vidyārāja from the personal retinue of Vajrapāṇi.

One of the rāśis.

Another name of the king Ājita.

One of the śrāvakas attending the delivery of the MMK.

One of the śrāvakas attending the delivery of the MMK.

Poa cynosuroides, a species of grass commonly used in religious ceremonies.

The one-time capital of ancient Magadha.

Name of a yakṣa .

A class of demons.

A vidyārāja from the personal retinue of Vajrapāṇi.

One of the pratyeka­buddhas attending the delivery of the MMK; an ascetic statesman.

One of the great yakṣiṇīs; also, a goddess of flowers invoked in a mantra.

Unidentified; possibly the name of a palace.

Another name of Pāṭaliputra.

One of the great yakṣiṇīs.

One of the great yakṣiṇīs.

“Rich in Flowers,” one of the pure abodes presided over by the tathāgata Saṃkusumita Rajendra; in the MMK it is also the abode of Mañjuśrī.

One of the tathāgatas.

One of the pratyeka­buddhas attending the delivery of the MMK.

Name of a yakṣa .

A country corresponding in area to modern Gujarat.

The goddess of good fortune; also, one of the vidyārājñīs dwelling with Śākyamuni in the realm of the Pure Abode.

One of the vidyārājñīs dwelling with Śākyamuni in the realm of the Pure Abode.

One of the kings of the nāga s.

Present-day Śrī Laṅkā; the capital city of this island.

One of the kinnara kings.

See “Siṃha.”

See “Tula.”

A clan and a dynasty of kings contemporary with the Buddha; also the name of a Nepalese dynasty ca. fifth to eighth centuries ᴄᴇ.

Traditionally there are seven such limbs: mindfulness, investigation of reality, energy, contentment, relaxation of bodhi and mind, samādhi, and equanimity.

One of the epithets of the Buddha Śākyamuni.

The uṣṇīṣa goddess of the Tathāgata family ; also one of the vidyārājñīs attending the delivery of the MMK.

See “Tathāgata­locanā.”

One of the rāśis; a king of the Gauḍa dynasty.

One of the tathāgatas attending the delivery of the MMK.

One of the śrāvakas attending the delivery of the MMK.