A tathāgata.

A tathāgata.

The essentially pure nature of mind is obscured and afflicted by various psychological defilements, which destroy the mind’s peace and composure and lead to unwholesome deeds of body, speech, and mind, acting as causes for continued existence in saṃsāra. Included among them are the primary afflictions of desire (rāga), anger (dveṣa), and ignorance (avidyā). It is said that there are eighty-four thousand of these negative mental qualities, for which the eighty-four thousand categories of the Buddha’s teachings serve as the antidote. Kleśa is also commonly translated as “negative emotions,” “disturbing emotions,” and so on. The Pāli kilesa, Middle Indic kileśa, and Buddhist Hybrid Sanskrit kleśa all primarily mean “stain” or “defilement.” The translation “affliction” is a secondary development that derives from the more general (non-Buddhist) classical understanding of √kliś (“to harm,“ “to afflict”). Both meanings are noted by Buddhist commentators.

A nāga king present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni.

A nāga king present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni.

A nāga king present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni.

A nāga king present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni.

A nāga king present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni.

A nāga king present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni.

A nāga king present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni.

A nāga king present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni.

Lord of the nāgas in the trichiliocosm.

A nāga king present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni.

A nāga king present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni.

A nāga king present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni.

A nāga king present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni.

A nāga king present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni.

A class or powerful nonhuman beings, sometimes called demigods, who are often portrayed as the enemies of the devas. One of the six classes of beings.

A nāga king present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni.

A nāga king present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni.

A nāga king present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni.

A nāga king present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni.

A nāga king present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni.

A tathāgata.

In Buddhist literature, this is an epithet applied to buddhas, most often to Śākyamuni. The Sanskrit term generally means “possessing fortune,” but in specifically Buddhist contexts it implies that a buddha is in possession of six auspicious qualities (bhaga) associated with complete awakening. The Tibetan term‍—where bcom is said to refer to “subduing” the four māras, ldan to “possessing” the great qualities of buddhahood, and ’das to “going beyond” saṃsāra and nirvāṇa‍—possibly reflects the commentarial tradition where the Sanskrit bhagavat is interpreted, in addition, as “one who destroys the four māras.” This is achieved either by reading bhagavat as bhagnavat (“one who broke”), or by tracing the word bhaga to the root √bhañj (“to break”).

A goddess.

A nāga king present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni.

The term bhikṣu, often translated as “monk,” refers to the highest among the eight types of prātimokṣa vows that make one part of the Buddhist assembly. The Sanskrit term literally means “beggar” or “mendicant,” referring to the fact that Buddhist monks and nuns‍—like other ascetics of the time‍—subsisted on alms (bhikṣā) begged from the laity. In the Tibetan tradition, which follows the Mūlasarvāstivāda Vinaya, a monk follows 253 rules as part of his moral discipline. A nun (bhikṣuṇī; dge slong ma) follows 364 rules. A novice monk (śrāmaṇera; dge tshul) or nun (śrāmaṇerikā; dge tshul ma) follows thirty-six rules of moral discipline (although in other vinaya traditions novices typically follow only ten).

A nāga king present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni.

A nāga king present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni.

A nāga king present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni.

A nāga king present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni.

A being who is dedicated to the cultivation and fulfilment of the altruistic intention to attain perfect buddhahood, traversing the ten bodhisattva levels (daśabhūmi, sa bcu). Bodhisattvas purposely opt to remain within cyclic existence in order to liberate all sentient beings, instead of simply seeking personal freedom from suffering. In terms of the view, they realize both the selflessness of persons and the selflessness of phenomena.

A high-ranking deity presiding over a divine world; he is also considered to be the lord of the Sahā world (our universe). Though not considered a creator god in Buddhism, Brahmā occupies an important place as one of two gods (the other being Indra/Śakra) said to have first exhorted the Buddha Śākyamuni to teach the Dharma. The particular heavens found in the form realm over which Brahmā rules are often some of the most sought-after realms of higher rebirth in Buddhist literature. Since there are many universes or world systems, there are also multiple Brahmās presiding over them. His most frequent epithets are “Lord of the Sahā World” (sahāṃpati) and Great Brahmā (mahābrahman).

One of the celestial realms belonging to the form realm, it is ruled over by the god Brahmā.

A nāga king present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni.

A world that has been transformed and blessed by a buddha. Similar to a “buddhafield.”

A world that has been transformed and blessed by a buddha. Similar to a “buddha realm.”

A nāga king present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni.

A goddess.

A tathāgata.

A tathāgata.

A tathāgata.

A goddess.

A goddess.

A tathāgata.

A tathāgata.

A tathāgata.

A tathāgata.

A tathāgata.

A tathāgata.

A tathāgata.

A tathāgata.

A tathāgata.

A nāga king present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni.

A nāga king present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni.

A nāga king present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni.

A nāga king present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni.

A type of incantation. Also used to refer to the mental capacity to retain teachings that one has heard, and to mnemonic devices used to aid such retention.

A nāga king present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni.

The Buddha as the embodiment of his teachings, the all-encompassing aspect of absolute reality.

A nāga king present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni.

A nāga king present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni.

A nāga king present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni.

Upholding ethical conduct of body, speech, and mind. Second of the six or ten perfections.

A tathāgata.

A tathāgata.

A nāga king present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni.

A tathāgata.

A nāga king present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni.

A nāga king present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni.

Eight precepts observed by householders, particularly around certain ritual observances.

A nāga king often present in the retinue of the Buddha Śākyamuni. According to the Vinaya, in the time of the Buddha Kāśyapa he had been a monk (bhikṣu) who angrily cut down a thorny bush at the entrance of his cave because it always snagged his robes. Cutting down bushes or even grass is contrary to the monastic rules and he did not confess his action. Therefore, he was reborn as a nāga with a tree growing out of his head, which caused him great pain whenever the wind blew. This tale is found represented in ancient sculpture and is often quoted to demonstrate how small misdeeds can lead to great consequences. See, e.g., Patrul Rinpoche, The Words of My Perfect Teacher.

A nāga king present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni.

A tathāgata.

A nāga king present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni.

A tathāgata.

Five conditions that prevent timely rainfall. In a discourse in Chinese translation, the Discourse on the Arising of Worlds (Qishi jing 起世經, Taishō 24, 1:349b1–c14), these are given as (1) The asura king Rāhula emerges from his palace, gathers the rain clouds in both hands, and hurls them into the ocean; (2) The power of the fire element increases, causing the rain clouds to dissipate; (3) The power of the wind element increases, blowing the rain clouds into the desert or the wilderness; (4) The spirits responsible for causing rainfall become derelict in their duties, and thus the rain clouds dissipate without releasing rain; (5) The majority of people in Jambudvīpa become mired in affliction and desire and engage in unethical conduct, so the heavens refuse to send down rain.

Four gods who live on the lower slopes (fourth level) of Mount Meru in the eponymous Heaven of the Four Great Kings (Cāturmahā­rājika, rgyal chen bzhi’i ris) and guard the four cardinal directions. Each is the leader of a nonhuman class of beings living in his realm. They are Dhṛtarāṣṭra, ruling the gandharvas in the east; Virūḍhaka, ruling over the kumbhāṇḍas in the south; Virūpākṣa, ruling the nāgas in the west; and Vaiśravaṇa (also known as Kubera) ruling the yakṣas in the north. Also referred to as Guardians of the World or World Protectors (lokapāla, ’jig rten skyong ba).

A nāga king present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni.

A class of generally benevolent nonhuman beings who inhabit the skies, sometimes said to inhabit fantastic cities in the clouds, and more specifically to dwell on the eastern slopes of Mount Meru, where they are ruled by the Great King Dhṛtarāṣṭra. They are most renowned as celestial musicians who serve the gods. In the Abhidharma, the term is also used to refer to the mental body assumed by sentient beings during the intermediate state between death and rebirth. Gandharvas are said to live on fragrances (gandha) in the desire realm, hence the Tibetan translation dri za, meaning “scent eater.”

A tathāgata.

A nāga king present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni.

In Indian mythology, the garuḍa is an eagle-like bird that is regarded as the king of all birds, normally depicted with a sharp, owl-like beak, often holding a snake, and with large and powerful wings. They are traditionally enemies of the nāgas. In the Vedas, they are said to have brought nectar from the heavens to earth. Garuḍa can also be used as a proper name for a king of such creatures.

A nāga king present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni.

Direct knowledge of emptiness and ultimate reality.

In the most general sense the devas‍—the term is cognate with the English divine‍—are a class of celestial beings who frequently appear in Buddhist texts, often at the head of the assemblies of nonhuman beings who attend and celebrate the teachings of the Buddha Śākyamuni and other buddhas and bodhisattvas. In Buddhist cosmology the devas occupy the highest of the five or six “destinies” (gati) of saṃsāra among which beings take rebirth. The devas reside in the devalokas, “heavens” that traditionally number between twenty-six and twenty-eight and are divided between the desire realm (kāmadhātu), form realm (rūpadhātu), and formless realm (ārūpyadhātu). A being attains rebirth among the devas either through meritorious deeds (in the desire realm) or the attainment of subtle meditative states (in the form and formless realms). While rebirth among the devas is considered favorable, it is ultimately a transitory state from which beings will fall when the conditions that lead to rebirth there are exhausted. Thus, rebirth in the god realms is regarded as a diversion from the spiritual path.

A goddess.

A nāga king present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni.

A tathāgata.

A tathāgata.

A tathāgata.

A tathāgata.

A tathāgata.

A tathāgata.

A tathāgata.

A tathāgata.

A tathāgata.

A tathāgata.

A tathāgata.

A tathāgata.

A tathāgata.

A goddess.

A tathāgata.

A tathāgata.

A tathāgata.

A tathāgata.

A tathāgata.

An epithet of a buddha. Muni is an ancient title, derived from the verb man (“to contemplate”), given to someone who has attained the realization of a truth through their own contemplation and not by divine revelation.

A tathāgata.

A nāga king present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni.

A goddess.

A nāga king present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni.

A nāga king present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni.

A type of jewel associated with the god Indra, likely referring to a sapphire.

A nāga king present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni.

A nāga king present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni.

A nāga king present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni.

A nāga king present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni.

A tathāgata.

A nāga king present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni.

A nāga king present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni.

Legendary river carrying the golden fruit fallen from the legendary jambu (“rose apple”) tree.

A nāga king present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni.

The name of the southern continent in Buddhist cosmology, which can signify either the known human world, or more specifically the Indian subcontinent, literally “the jambu island/continent.” Jambu is the name used for a range of plum-like fruits from trees belonging to the genus Szygium, particularly Szygium jambos and Szygium cumini, and it has commonly been rendered “rose apple,” although “black plum” may be a less misleading term. Among various explanations given for the continent being so named, one (in the Abhidharmakośa) is that a jambu tree grows in its northern mountains beside Lake Anavatapta, mythically considered the source of the four great rivers of India, and that the continent is therefore named from the tree or the fruit. Jambudvīpa has the Vajrāsana at its center and is the only continent upon which buddhas attain awakening.

A nāga king present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni.

A nāga king present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni.

A nāga king present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni.

A nāga king present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni.

A nāga king present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni.

A nāga king present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni.

A nāga king present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni.

A nāga king present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni.

The most supreme of jewels, typically used as an epithet for diamonds.

An epithet of the Buddha Śākyamuni. Muni is an ancient title, derived from the verb man (“to contemplate”), given to someone who has attained the realization of a truth through their own contemplation and not by divine revelation.

A class of nonhuman beings that resemble humans to the degree that their very name‍—which means “is that human?”‍—suggests some confusion as to their divine status. Kinnaras are mythological beings found in both Buddhist and Brahmanical literature, where they are portrayed as creatures half human, half animal. They are often depicted as highly skilled celestial musicians.

A nāga king present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni.

A nāga king present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni.

A nāga king present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni.

A nāga king present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni.

A nāga king present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni.

A nāga king present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni.

A goddess.

A goddess.

A goddess.

A goddess.

A goddess.

A goddess.

A goddess.

A goddess.

A goddess.

A goddess.

A goddess.

A goddess.

A goddess.

A goddess.

A goddess.

A goddess.

A goddess.

A goddess.

A goddess.

A goddess.

A goddess.

A goddess.

A goddess.

A goddess.

A goddess.

A goddess.

A goddess.

A goddess.

A goddess.

A goddess.

A goddess.

A goddess.

A goddess.

A goddess.

A nāga king present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni.

A nāga king present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni.

A tathāgata.

A nāga king present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni.

A nāga king present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni.

A nāga king present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni.

A nāga king present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni.

A nāga king present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni.

A nāga king present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni.

A nāga king present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni.

A great nāga king.

A nāga king present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni.

A nāga king present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni.

A nāga king present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni.

A nāga king present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni.

A nāga king present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni.

A nāga king present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni.

A nāga king present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni.

A nāga king present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni.

A nāga king present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni.

A nāga king present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni.

A nāga king present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni.

Literally “great serpents,” mahoragas are supernatural beings depicted as large, subterranean beings with human torsos and heads and the lower bodies of serpents. Their movements are said to cause earthquakes, and they make up a class of subterranean geomantic spirits whose movement through the seasons and months of the year is deemed significant for construction projects.

A nāga king present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni.

A nāga king present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni.

A nāga king present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni.

The deities ruled over by Māra, the adversary of the Buddha and the personification of everything that hinders awakening.

A nāga king present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni.

A nāga king present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni.

A nāga king present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni.

A nāga king present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni.

A nāga king present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni.

A nāga king present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni.

A nāga king present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni.

A nāga king present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni.

A class of nonhuman beings who live in subterranean aquatic environments, where they guard wealth and sometimes also teachings. Nāgas are associated with serpents and have a snakelike appearance. In Buddhist art and in written accounts, they are regularly portrayed as half human and half snake, and they are also said to have the ability to change into human form. Some nāgas are Dharma protectors, but they can also bring retribution if they are disturbed. They may likewise fight one another, wage war, and destroy the lands of others by causing lightning, hail, and flooding.

A king among the nāga.

A lord among the nāga.

A goddess.

A tathāgata.

A nāga king present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni.

A nāga king present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni.

A nāga king present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni.

A nāga king present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni.

A nāga king present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni.

A nāga king present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni.

A nāga king present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni.

A nāga king present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni.

A nāga king present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni.

One who will not be reborn again. Third of the four fruitions.

A great nāga king.

One who is bound for only one further rebirth. Second of the four fruitions.

A nāga king present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni.

A nāga king present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni.

A nāga king present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni.

A nāga king present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni.

A nāga king present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni.

A tathāgata.

A tathāgata.

A tathāgata.

A nāga king present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni.

A nāga king present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni.

Literally, “buddha for oneself” or “solitary realizer.” Someone who, in his or her last life, attains awakening entirely through their own contemplation, without relying on a teacher. Unlike the awakening of a fully realized buddha (samyaksambuddha), the accomplishment of a pratyeka­buddha is not regarded as final or ultimate. They attain realization of the nature of dependent origination, the selflessness of the person, and a partial realization of the selflessness of phenomena, by observing the suchness of all that arises through interdependence. This is the result of progress in previous lives but, unlike a buddha, they do not have the necessary merit, compassion or motivation to teach others. They are named as “rhinoceros-like” (khaḍgaviṣāṇakalpa) for their preference for staying in solitude or as “congregators” (vargacārin) when their preference is to stay among peers.

A nāga king present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni.

A nāga king present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni.

A tathāgata.

A nāga king present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni.

A nāga king present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni.

A nāga king present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni.

A tathāgata.

A nāga king present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni.

A nāga king present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni.

A nāga king present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni.

The lord of the gods in the Heaven of the Thirty-Three (trāyastriṃśa). Alternatively known as Indra, the deity that is called “lord of the gods” dwells on the summit of Mount Sumeru and wields the thunderbolt. The Tibetan translation brgya byin (meaning “one hundred sacrifices”) is based on an etymology that śakra is an abbreviation of śata-kratu, one who has performed a hundred sacrifices. Each world with a central Sumeru has a Śakra. Also known by other names such as Kauśika, Devendra, and Śacipati.

A bodhisattva known for his excellent conduct and his vow to make limitless offerings to all buddhas.

A nāga king present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni.

A nāga king present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni.

A nāga king present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni.

A nāga king present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni.

A nāga king present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni.

A nāga king present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni.

A nāga king present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni.

A nāga king present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni.

A nāga king present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni.

A nāga king present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni.

A tathāgata.

A nāga king present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni.

A nāga king present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni.

A nāga king present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni.

A nāga king present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni.

One who has entered the stream that leads to liberation. The first of the four fruitions.

A nāga king present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni.

A nāga king present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni.

A nāga king present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni.

A nāga king present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni.

A nāga king present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni.

A nāga king present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni.

A nāga king present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni.

A nāga king present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni.

A nāga king present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni.

A nāga king present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni.

A nāga king present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni.

A nāga king present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni.

A nāga king present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni.

A nāga king present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni.

A frequently used synonym for buddha. According to different explanations, it can be read as tathā-gata, literally meaning “one who has thus gone,” or as tathā-āgata, “one who has thus come.” Gata, though literally meaning “gone,” is a past passive participle used to describe a state or condition of existence. Tatha­(tā), often rendered as “suchness” or “thusness,” is the quality or condition of things as they really are, which cannot be conveyed in conceptual, dualistic terms. Therefore, this epithet is interpreted in different ways, but in general it implies one who has departed in the wake of the buddhas of the past, or one who has manifested the supreme awakening dependent on the reality that does not abide in the two extremes of existence and quiescence. It is also often used as a specific epithet of the Buddha Śākyamuni.

A nāga king present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni.

Ten precious substances. According to one list, in a Chinese commentary to the Buddhāvataṃsaka, these are: gold, silver, beryl, cat’s eye, emerald, coral, amber, pearl, carnelian, and sodalite.

Cream, honey, and ghee.

Three foods that are suitable for offering: milk, curd, and rice.

A nāga king present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni.

A nāga king present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni.

A nāga king present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni.

The largest universe described in Buddhist cosmology. This term, in Abhidharma cosmology, refers to 1,000³ world systems, i.e., 1,000 “dichiliocosms” or “two thousand great thousand world realms” (dvi­sāhasra­mahā­sāhasra­lokadhātu), which are in turn made up of 1,000 first-order world systems, each with its own Mount Sumeru, continents, sun and moon, etc.

A nāga king present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni.

A nāga king present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni.

A nāga king present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni.

A nāga king present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni.

A tathāgata.

A nāga king present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni.

A nāga king present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni.

A nāga king present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni.

A nāga king present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni.

A nāga king present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni.

A nāga king present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni.

A nāga king present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni.

“Completely Illuminating.” A buddha.

A tathāgata.

A nāga king present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni.

A bodhisattva known as a fierce protector of the Buddha.

A tathāgata.

A nāga king present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni.

A nāga king present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni.

A nāga king present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni.

A nāga king present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni.

A nāga king present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni.

A nāga king present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni.

A nāga king present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni.

A nāga king present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni.

A nāga king present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni.

A nāga king present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni.

A nāga king present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni.

A nāga king present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni.

A nāga king present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni.

A nāga king present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni.

A nāga king present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni.

A nāga king present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni.

A nāga king present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni.

A tathāgata.

A tathāgata.

Fourth of the four fruits. An individual who has achieved liberation with the cessation of all mental afflictions. Also used as an epithet of a buddha.

A class of semidivine beings who inhabit forests, mountainous areas, and other natural spaces, or serve as guardians of villages and towns, and may be propitiated for health, wealth, protection, and other boons. They are often depicted as holding choppers, cleavers, and swords, and are said to dwell in the north, under the jurisdiction of the Great King Vaiśravaṇa.

A nāga king present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni.